Annual Event 1879: Japan annexed Okinawa

1874, the Japanese invasion of Taiwan by the Qing court signed with the "Beijing special section", since the Qing deceived "by the Japanese to do this, the original in order to protect the people owed reasons, China does not mean that is not" a language. Okubo Toshimichi was this excited: "This year's fan who signs for the Chinese admit that I owed, and pension refugees, it seems enough to show that the failure of the Ryukyu territory belonging to China." Since then, the Japanese annexation of Okinawa significantly speed up the steps. First forcibly took over the Ryukyu judicial power and police power; which they will revert to the Qing court against the Ryukyu tributary. March 1879, Japan has sent military and police forces to directly receive the Ryukyu king's residence, the Ryukyu royal family was sent to Tokyo, Okinawa declares demise of the country, as Japan's "Okinawa Prefecture." Any restructuring must pay the price - to filter out those who are not in the slightest noise real meaning of nationalism, we may have to acknowledge this fact: as the transformation of China's modern diplomacy the most typical case, the loss of Okinawa, it is China that must be One of the costs.

Court: as long as the boat can save the Ryukyus, everything is good to discuss News of the Japanese annexation of Okinawa Qing impact mainly in two aspects: First, the Chinese tributary system as the core of East Asia face the challenges of modern foreign concept; Second, Hu Shi in Russia the bad situation in Xinjiang, China's foreign policy to tangle with the Okinawa problem together. [Heru Zhang: pre-emptive use of force for peace] Qing and Japan in direct negotiations on the issue of Okinawa began envoy in Japan Heru Zhang. In 1875, Japan prohibit Okinawa into the Gong in China, banned by the Chinese and Feng China for the canonization of our rules, requiring its practitioners the Meiji reign, to comply with the Japanese legal system, to allow Japan to send troops garrison. The following year, secretly sent people to China to Okinawa for help to no avail. 1877, Heru Zhang to envoy in Japan as Japan became, in Japan, Okinawa officials made to any help. In the same year, Heru Zhang began negotiations with the Japanese Ryukyu problem. The main advice is what the Japanese firm. In the letter in the domestic, has repeatedly stressed that any pre-emptive strike, saying that "today's uncertain domestic situation, force is not strong", with Zheng Heng, there are chances of winning; if the "Tolerance of capacity, raising tiger inflating", in future, regret . And domestic do-patriotic talk clean the "tough" different, He Ruzhang behind this position, has a deep analysis of the situation in Japan. In his view, the Japanese will not go to war with the Qing, for four reasons: 1, much worse off than Japan's national strength of China, China National income is less than three Wu floating corner; 2, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan's debt, if the war shall be to cash to the Western countries to purchase arms, the Japanese unable to make the bricks without straw; 3, the Japanese military strength is not enough, standing army, but 3.2 million people, the Navy less than 4000, warships and more rotten lost bear travel ...; 4, Japan, civil strife frequently, weakness of foreign war . It should be said, in addition to a description of Japan's low arms is not accurate enough, the other cases was roughly in line with Japan's domestic status quo. Financial crisis, Nobles, peasants often armed insurrection, political instability in Japan, really unable to cope with a real foreign war. Japanese diplomatic sources have also shared the same view. Japan in Tianjin consul bamboo add further suggested the Japanese government "categorically abandoned and war, the pressure in order to soldiers, Wei served the Qing Empire, concluding the new treaty, so that our possession of full rights," but its true reasons for the recommendations is: full of clear war, financially unable to support, and prevent the clear-Japanese trade; therefore a real good way of "virtual war of Zhang momentum" to yield to the Qing empire. In other words, Japan and the Qing government unable to go to war knowing, but hoping to bluff, intimidation effect of the Qing court charge. [Li: District of war tribute a small country, is to win fame and unnecessary move] And Heru Zhang urged the Japanese tough different Li's views are: "China by the Ryukyu tributary, the non-Italian, if not by their contribution to protect their country, the light solid for the Asian countries; if professionals rely pen tongue, with the theory, but today the recent move, just as to the book, the so-called rogue Wang, deeds of mad dogs, fear not my range. Ruozai power phase angle, a small country a mere war of tribute, retreats, name and wash away a little, Fei Wei too busy, and also unnecessary. " Lee's implication is not necessary for the sake of fame leaving the country tributary Okinawa suffered unnecessary losses. Li appears in Okinawa since the late Ming started with both China and Japan Satsuma maintained tributary relations, but the Qing, this relationship has not actually loose tribute interests, therefore, Li said: "Even if no contribution from non- seal, no country on the severity of the original package can be generous, "" Okinawa is located in the side corner, is still indispensable. " Therefore, deal with Li's views than Heru Zhang to "moderate" is much more. He has provided treatment to the court on the issue of Okinawa in the next three policy: the best way is to "advance troop questioned Okinawa,, sign it into tribute shows to compete for Japan"; the second choice is "According to Li, the next order of about Okinawa The attack from Japan will show to save "; worst is" repeated debate, Xu enlighten, if not orders, or to aid law of nations responsible for phase correction, or about national envoys with evaluation, which will only be on. "Li Finally, choose the worst, hope in the "law of nations" and unwilling to take "radical" measures: "If the words do not listen, and then by sub-Mindanao (Heru Zhang) assistance to national associations of public law minister, declare righteous. All the inhibition, although not necessarily help me to Japan, while Japanese students will consider national heart, not to destroy the country and of its sulfur places. " [Guo Songtao: Ryukyu tributary exemptions to protect their independence] Okinawa occasion of the demise, because praise from Western democracies have been lifted toward the head of the literati traitor, traitor's completely accurate, just under pressure to quit the post of Minister in London to return to China. In a letter to the letters in Li, Guo expressed his views on the matter and deal with comments: "Japan only change the ball for the county, as modifications before the meeting when the small, but must be waived to pay tribute to whom the base, side mobilized to protect Okinawa envoy in conjunction with the national minister, listen to his own"; "does not make China pay tribute, to pay tribute not so in Japan, Okinawa has long been subservient to China, China should host the meeting in order to protect Okinawa for righteousness, and lack of competition tribute. " To sum up, completely accurate advice is: remove the Ryukyu tributary of China, the lifting of the relationship between vassal, to make it independent. Li could not agree more, sent a letter to Prime Minister Yamen support completely accurate, that the Okinawa pay tribute, even if the court does not take the initiative to relief, if ultimately Ryukyu independence, will pay tribute relief is Biranzhishi. With passive relief, anti-active relief as so, then neither injury decent country, but also save a lot of disputes, to maintain the Ryukyu independence. [The court: if save Ryukyu boat, let the Japanese "one equitably" powers interests in China] In 1880, Tim on the bamboo into Koizumi to China to discuss the Okinawa incident, that "change points around the island" program. Under this program, the barren Okinawa Miyako, Yaeyama transferred to China, in exchange, China should allow the Japanese "one equitably" to enjoy the rights of other countries in China. February 1881 the first two days, the Qing court promulgated the Edict of transaction processing Okinawa, which is equivalent to the relevant staff is a guidance document. Edict, said: "... an original proposal for the Japanese business one equitably without the Charter, Jin Yu Zhang for assistance about the West country, the original non-essential is not feasible, but the case for the case of the ball into the sky, China to save the ball as the most important, If, as the proposed division of the two islands, keep the ball in the Si layer is room properly, the premier national affairs in Japan envoy again carefully Yamen proper business, as soon as the ball properly end the case, business can be proposed from the line. " Edict of the subject matter is that Okinawa is the key to solve the problem, "keep the ball worship", that is: If the Okinawa Japan to meet this condition of recovery, then they require a "one equitably" to enjoy rights in China, other countries, but also can negotiable. According to the Edict of Yamen then the spirit, and Japan agreed on a special section, said: "The boundaries set out after the pre-unrelated to each other forever, Shu managed to keep the ball after how China, Japan, no say over." Okinawa court seems to think that the end of the event is the best option, both to avoid the worsening of relations between China and Japan, but also can make the crucial imperial political system, the "tributary system" part from the impact. However, Li seems, under the tributary system, no sovereign state in name value, but the Japanese, "one equitably" to enjoy in other countries, like China's interests, then the inevitable havoc far - not to mention, so split the Ryukyu Islands, on the China, is inviting defense burden, even if the Zionist Okinawa in Japan can not survive under the threat. Lee's insistence, the court to agree to Japan's "one equitably" powers in exchange for interests in China's plan to save the boat Ryukyu suspension. After negotiations stalled: Li an Italian adhere to save the Ryukyu Kingdom, repeatedly stressed that China and Japan make no territorial issue in Okinawa interest demands, calling for the return of the Ryukyu Ryukyu royal family's rule or local rule; but only to the Japanese annexation of Okinawa, the Ryukyu The existence of the country will not tolerate, add the bamboo into a letter to Li, tough, said: "the central complex owned by the National Ryukyu king, the country can not come from." Occurred around the issue of Sino-Russian Ili up diplomatic friction, the Japanese took the opportunity to blackmail, in Japan and the Japanese Minister Li Shu-chang agreed without a "good of the" Okinawa problem: Japan is still considered fair in Okinawa for the country, let's tribute is still China, canonized one, and Tingri to Okinawa Prefecture is located, within reason of its rule, released back to yet for the magistrate's office, children and grandchildren hereditary. But the Japanese statement is intended to exclusive. " Li glance this "rehabilitation measures" absurd: Ryukyu Zionist nature is the best, but the king renamed the Ryukyu Ryukyu magistrate, even if the "hereditary", and not independent but What's the difference? Japan's desire to cheat, but Okinawa is a Japanese exclusive for the Qing court in a paper statement.

Civil: loss of a sovereign state can not be decent Modern newspapers such as the "declaration", "North China Herald," the emergence of a release to the public opinion of space, making the death of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan such a big incident, in the lower intellectuals can express their views, but is no longer a silent majority. [Meeting resistance tribute: do not believe that Japan will make a decent things beneath the sovereign state] Okinawa Japan in 1875 to pay tribute to prevent China, March 31, 'declared' published an editorial article, "On the Japanese Ryukyu tribute to the Chinese claim some kind," repeated the baseless assertion that the news is. At that time, Western newspaper reports claim the Japanese Ryukyu Yamen to the Prime Minister to pay tribute gift to China, editorial scoffed, saying the move Zu Yi Yi Xiao through the ages, "Although Japan is stupid, off Buchu an unwise move." Turned to "declare", said: If this is true, then Japan is a very large loss of decency, courtesy inclusion totally against the powers of a small country road. The editorial said: China and Japan belong to the sovereign state of Okinawa, since it is the sovereign state, sovereign state on the way there, a small state Shangqie less than compassionate, went so far as recourse tribute, difficult to Okinawa, it is unbearable. This editorial was in fact represent the views of most domestic literati, namely: limited to the traditional Chinese imperial military system, look at the Ryukyu event, and thus to the requirements of traditional Chinese imperial military system is initiated and the impact of Japanese aggression. Obviously, the establishment of the cognitive basis of this criticism, have been abandoned imperial military system, the positive relationship between the transformation of the modern state of Japan is concerned, there is no effect. [Paul Okinawa: Ryukyu China as a sovereign state can not show weakness in the human] Japan's military annexation of Okinawa, the "declaration" article published in a lot of talk, call Paul Okinawa are most welcome. For example, May 28, 1879 issue of "discussion with solid fundamental thick Ping Fan," a text that is that Paul is actually protect Okinawa Korea, Paul Northeast: "Okinawa and in Japan and China will never inquired about the arrogance of the Japanese more sheets, the more bile Zhi Zhuang already sealed turn East West Gu, Korea is no mere sweeping of hard cover and carry on, Sri Lanka, how can the islands when Liaoshen high pillow The worry-free peace? " Asked "guarantee" the island and a loud voice, but the reason for more on the issue of sovereign dignity, December 6, 1979 issue of "difficult people reading the Ryukyu approved pension off the book" a text that said: "Okinawa's surrender and the DPRK is not a bad idea deferential, once the merger and its powerful neighbor Stanford no move is too weakness in people, and the usual reason for mercy in Okinawa, original fan want to serve overseas as a permanent phase and good Emperor Ling of the widely known to show. ". [Abandoned Okinawa: the choice between Russia and Japan as allies of Japan] Relative to the protection of high emotional Okinawa, Ryukyu abandoned the voice is small, but seem to have more "rational." April 22, 1879 published an editorial article, "Evolution of Okinawa," the proposition that the issue of Okinawa ignored. The reasons are: (1) Okinawa has always been poor and weak, long controlled by the Japanese, even if China continues to pay tribute, in essence, is still Japan's possessions and spheres of influence. (2) China has always been for the founding of the Road with tolerance, why not be an issue between Okinawa and Japan as the conflict between the barbarians. Have called for the "state system of customs, China humble in Okinawa's case, had sent troops Wang Yuan," retorted the article: In recent years the Russian occupation of Ili I, We still do now with tolerance, not to mention that beyond the reach of the Ryukyu overseas vassal? (3) Japan annexed Okinawa is unjust act, other countries will be protests from Okinawa will not stand still. In 1880, China and Russia as a serious diplomatic crisis Yili problems, joint Russian-Japanese refused to give up the voice of Okinawa risen. For example, March 18, 1880 "declaration" published an editorial article, "together from the Middle East, said," that is advocated to give up in exchange for the Okinawa-Japan alliance, the editorial said: "Asia to the Middle East there is mutual assistance between the two countries the trend, the so-called auxiliary car dependency common lot, of which the East that also the two countries together are enough potential resisting foreign aggression, but can preserve the overall situation in Asia, not relative to the potential between points, and others to take the room into the room, this solid trend of Zhangmingjiaozhu were also ... ... (Okinawa) to small and decent about the two of those very large, it had to fight, while I do not know the speaker is neither for the degree of trial, husband today's times and the overall situation in Asia were also, Tangdi the poem reads: Xiong Dixi insult on their wall ... ... Imperial Russia today have to break the shape, the Middle East there is no tendency to frame only, by this time also, the cut off its small frustrations The co-operative, its situation is still enough to resist the Russian ... ... homes Ryukyu not fight, but a little loss of dignity in the Middle East, and there is no serious problem in the global ... ... Song of Shimo do not want to head out the storm together to resist the Middle East, Russia, and not a mere Okinawa and set the matter for the suspected global expense Asia. " [Very court: Support Save the Ryukyu government, at war with Japan] Qing court promulgated the Edict of dealing with the problem after Okinawa, won the enthusiastic support of public opinion. "Declaration" April 25, 1881, published the article entitled "The second day of February Edict Christine would like to read the book," the editorial article, public foreign policy of the Edict of court support. The article said that if the Ryukyu Zionist, you may wish to agree the Japanese in the business side ("one equitably") requirements, to demonstrate the heavenly sovereign "tolerance degree"; if Okinawa not only can not re-countries, and Japan but also more than blackmail , then the court battle with Japan only making determined efforts to recover the land by force to help Okinawa. The author's attitude is clear even tougher than the court, and very optimistic that the war of the win: "lambasting the teacher confidently, the odds must be alone when speaking persons; EGL recently Indebted Hill plot, Bing Yang, gas is not the boat is spacious and bear , soldiers, although strong, but not filled, to be reasonable song discouraged imperial why me? "This strong and optimistic, in fact, exactly what most people - specifically, mostly lower middle class intellectuals of the general mentality. But the court has no intention to respond to public opinion support. Court to finalize the deal with the principle of "delay" - meaning you want a Japanese annexation of Okinawa, the Qing court and it can not give up the sovereign's face despite the demise of the Ryukyus, and are unable to prevent the conquest, diplomacy is a chaotic, neither compromise the compromise . Especially in border areas in China, Russia often trouble, endangering the community, Qing still hopes the common alliance against the West and Japan, and Russia does not want the incident in Okinawa and Japan complete odds. All the indecisive result is the court decided to adopt a "delay" of the policy, the Ryukyu event which has been delayed even further. Japan to maintain the fact that the occupation of Okinawa, but has failed to achieve its imperial recognition of the legitimacy of occupied Okinawa. Scots to defeat Jiawu Qing, the "legitimacy recognized" for Japan, and finally lost its meaning.

1878 Annual Event: DE surprising shortage

This is a call by the Qing officials, "the eternal odd disaster, is a heart of stone would also be conducted cried," the Great Famine: From 1876 to 1879 afternoon, went on for four years; include Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Zhili , five provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu spread, northern Anhui, Gansu, northern Sichuan; hundreds of millions of victims, at least 10 million people starved to death. Particularly among the most intense years 1877,1878, respectively, because of its two-year reign Lunar Landmarks, Tiger, therefore called the "DE surprising shortage." Famine, as also of the late Qing empty capsule regime, it is a huge challenge - traditional agricultural empire under the "Famine" has long been in heaven after the chaos of dismembered pieces, modern system of social assistance and protection and far from established. But the paradox is that such a tragic famine, after four years, despite countless small-scale public riots, but in the end there is not even developed into a riot with the traditional sense of the "peasant revolt." Government control can not reach out in the bottom of the late Qing era, this is a miracle. Why is there such a miracle?

Foreigners: Shanxi famine as hell, why is no one to grab well-off? Timothy (Timothy Richard) is a British Baptist missionary, came to China in 1870. 1876, DE surprising shortage originated from Shandong, Li Timothy just missionary in Shandong, then began his surprising shortage with the DE phase is always a long and arduous rescue operations. [Shandong hungry to lead their uprising request] Timothy Lee The arrival of the famine that summer, living in Shandong Qingzhou Timothy Lee. Disaster in May has been very serious, civilians have begun rallied together, "eat big", Timothy wrote in his memoirs: "A group of women rushed into a wealthy home, occupied it, where cooking, and then flocked to eat another meal. Men who see this approach is very good, they formed groups of five hundred people. a village a village looted feeding. " Timothy Lee left in the diary and selling these children to grab big woman vend recorded at the same time, not exposure to famine itself, the identity of its foreigners, hungry people who strive to become a "valuable resource": "June 30 that day, two scholars come to visit me, they are scholar, aged between three decades and 40, one from Shouguang, one from Yidu. I'm too busy, no time reception, they agreed to come back the next day next day, the door, they knelt down, and request to be my disciples. conversation, I figured out, both of whom are sent on behalf of a large group of people, you want me to do them leader, at uprising, because authorities can not provide food, they can not live, they have arranged the house, and there are numerous people ready to accept my order and I told the two people said, I never thought To do such a thing, because it will only aggravate the suffering of the people. riots, once started, no one knows how it will end, but will no doubt cause massive bleeding, I suggest they take a constructive approach, rather than to improve the people by destroying the situation. " A similar episode occurred more than once. July 3 evening, a town east of Green Island also sent representatives to invite Timothy to do their rebel army leader. There is a reason this phenomenon, but he did not realize that Timothy Lee - official is strongly suppressed hungry grab big, hungry people are afraid of foreigners is considered official; in their view, led by the foreigners who try to steal big, can compete from official repression. Timothy hungry people who did not agree to become a leader, but more than a year in Shandong to do disaster relief work. Until the fall of 1877, Shanxi famine more serious news. [Timothy confusion Shanxi people living hell on earth, why no one rob well-] Diary of Timothy Lee's 1878 presentation of Shanxi, is a true hell on earth: January 29, Taiyuan, south of the 140 in: After four of the dead lying in the road. There is also a person fours, crawling, has no strength to stand up; run into a funeral: A mother has been dead about carrying shoulder-year-old son, she is the only "bearers", "priest" and funeral who placed the child outside the walls of snow. l 30, 270 years from the Taiyuan: Passing two people who apparently just breathe. A clothes bright, but die of starvation. Did not move forward a few miles and found an approximately four-year-old man walking in front of us, staggered like a drunk, after being blown down by a gust of wind, never get up. January 30, from 290 in Taiyuan: Saw four bodies lying on the roadside. One wearing only socks, appears to have no weight, a dog is dragging movement. Two are women, people held a funeral for them, just placed it face down. Passers-by on the kindness of some one more, not stripped of her clothes. The third body has become a group of crows and magpies feast. Obese male wild everywhere, rabbits, foxes and wolves, but. Male. And a woman but can not find food to sustain life. When I slowly climbed the hill, encountered an old man, he told me sadly unusual, said: "Our mules and donkeys are eaten, strong labor also have starved to death, what sin we have made, Such penalties incurred God? " On Feb. l, 450 in the south of Taiyuan: Within half a day saw six bodies, four of which are woman's body. One lying in a shed in the open, naked, wrapped a belt around the waist; a ditch lying in the river; a dip in the water, because dogs drag, half-exposed on the ice; a half-length wearing tattered clothes, lying in a hole next to the roadside; there a flesh-eating birds and animals have been shredded, half eaten, but also hit two seventeen-year-old young man, walking stick stumble The line looks like ninety-year-old man. Another young man carrying his mother - she has no strength to walk, see me staring at them, I help young Bianxiang, Taiyuan, this is the first time after I left someone told me to beg. February 2, 530 in the south of Taiyuan: The next city I have ever seen the most horrible scene. Early in the morning, I went to the gate. The side door is a pile of naked male corpse, as has been like a pig slaughterhouse play together. The other side of the door is also a pile of corpses, all body of a woman. Was also stripped of their clothes to go for food to go. Have the body transported to the carriage two pit next to it the body of a man thrown into a pit, the woman whose body was thrown into another pit. ... ... Long walks in the body between hunger and Timothy Lee, a deeply confused by the question: Why is society still "orderly"? He ultimately provide to their explanation is - "I always wonder why no one rob well-off today with the answer to this question: in each village have posted notices that the governor has made, no one dares to mugging, heads of villages and towns were entitled to summary execution of the robbery, Thus the phenomenon of crime is surprisingly small. we all luck, I only see people shed tears for the scene is buried in the mothers when their children. " However, Timothy Lee seems to forget - Shandong governor Yamen to the same repressive measures, but there are still big rush of people constantly, but also want to find a foreigner to do their leaders, to act as umbrella. [Behind the man-made disaster: over and over opium-free grain storage well-off can result in Shanxi] looting Timothy failed to get a glimpse of Shanxi big people do not grab the real reason is because he did not know the real cause of the famine. While continuing drought is the most important reason for the famine, but the man-made weight should not be ignored - In 1859 the Qing court promulgated the "Regulations imposed soil determined drug tax", thus legitimizing domestic opium cultivation. After just over ten years, farmers in Shanxi, "the semi-abandoned fields with opium poppy," but more than grain crops because of opium poppy to make money, "tend to Gao Yu paddy fields all over the opium poppy, while the grain of the anti-swept Qiao barren zone", to dynasty dynasty, Shanxi has become a major opium producing areas the local. Censor Liu Enpu said Shanxi situation is "several ten thousand ares Gao Yu of the field, a few grains of soil-tree arts"; when people estimate that: "Since the prevalence of opium poppy, opium poppy fields for each county are no fewer than ten of the three, four, all together terms of the provincial Tsuchida, share one hundred and fifty thousand ares. " Zhang also said: Shanxi everywhere opium cultivation, "a few no's in no county." A lot of land and labor transfer up to the consequences of opium, is the rapid decline in food production in Shanxi province. "Declaration" had analyzed the year: "Shanxi from the extensive cultivation of poppy has been gradually produced less grain, no cover private possession, a case of Han Huang Qi Li Zhuo see, that this damage is still not as poppy, who doubted its ? " The spread of opium cultivation, though the most intense in Shanxi, but the phenomenon is not unique to Shanxi. Belong to the affected areas of Henan, Shandong, but also the importance of the local opium producing areas. Ultimately, this malformation of the rural "economic development model", leading to famine during the civil hard to find large grain storage, natural, Timothy would be difficult to see in Shanxi Province is expected to see him grab the big picture of the kind; Moreover, when Timothy arrived in Shanxi, famine has occurred for a very long time, there are a handful of grain in Shanxi had been quickly steal a large. Really need deep reflection later, is another paradoxical question: such a spread to hundreds of millions, almost covering the entire North China's great famine, which led to numerous violent incidents, group incidents, but in the end, actually not made this many incidents of violent groups to develop one or two derived the so-called "peasant revolt" (so-called "uprising", no different from the general political demands of the riots). If we take the "uprising" to simplify the definition of "political aspirations of the riots", then, this paradox might be a different perspectives on the issue: in this unprecedented famine in the Chinese gentry literati who, where? And who they stand with? - As a traditional agricultural society, the direct integration of the underlying Chinese who gentry literati involvement of farmers riot upgraded to "revolt" of the most crucial factor - their knowledge of the political demands made possible; their social relations forces will be integrated into the core of the link.

Gentry: the fall in the foreign religion of salvation is far more important than the relief of victims of child Lunar calendar in late February 1877, Suzhou gentleman Xie Jiafu has just completed a difficult task: escorting a group of hungry people from the South to return to their places of origin. In the way home, Xie Jiafu heard, represented by Timothy Western missionaries in Shandong relief news. A seemingly "innate" let Xie Jiafu sensitivity immediately tense up, he later recorded in the diary up and said: "(A message that foreigners relief) Well put deep fear of the enemy, heresy by Stanford, can not remain indifferent. Care to only slightly Li Bo, Mo concerned to restore, troubled the heart, words difficult to own." [Worried about foreigners buying people] by the Disaster Relief In such a "heart" of the emotions under control, Xie Jiafu immediately familiar to their group wrote a number of southern gentry, stressed the need for foreigners in China's disaster relief actions to take measures. Xie said: "Westerners in Shandong relief, playing the guise of disaster relief shirt neighbors, is secretly doing clean up people's conspiracy. Failure to take measures, I am afraid the people will lead to the loss of rampant paganism, and finally as the scourge of China." Xie further recommended that the issue should be relief to compete with foreigners fighting, "to track economic relief" to track foreigners relief routes to relief against relief, it is not so enough to prevent foreigners cheated hearts and minds of people. Xie believes that this is all a matter of conscience by the bounden duty of the patriotic scholar and obligations, and this generous write a poem: Soldiers later Xiongnian, the national economy and what Jianlian? Andhra relief money three hundred thousand, but with discipline overwhelming Mu! However, with Mu and Timothy, is the Western missionaries in Shandong Relief representatives. [Children starve to death is still small, is lured to the Catholic Church, the largest non-] In Xie Jiafu view, relief against foreigners by people buying the first order of business, with the missionaries in the adoption of children affected by hunger to compete. In his May 4, 1877 letter to a friend Li Jinyong mentioned wrote: "East province after the disaster, displaced children who can not count, for his adoptive family who heard as much as several hundred. Fear of the people outside are stolen, differences that run amok, as the scourge of the Zou Lu ... " In such a "serious" situation, the TSE stands for "acute symptoms", the "standard" for children on the grounds that children's intellectual is not open, the situation sinus does not pass, more likely to be alien to confuse. Xie excitedly wrote: Seeing these children were foreigners flooding into the "trap", it can no longer be a fresh start, whenever flesh who "can no cone darling, vertical hair, urgent plans to remedy indeed!" Initiative in literati circles has been generally recognized. For example, Suzhou Yuan gentry then reply to the TSE, said: "Westerners want to adopt orphans of famine, it is absolutely not. ... If we can adopt more than one, then the little one to join the church, especially large merit." Another example is the plot of another spring called the gentleman in particular, to speak at the party: "The children still starve to death is small, lured to the Catholic, the largest not, whether the lead of the Church, should be matched proportionally, do exceedingly well . " With the support of these literati, Xie Jiafu the relief operation was immediately launched. But Xie Jiafu I do not think this activity is initiated by their own relief efforts. In a letter to a friend, he solemnly declared: "This brother of the barbarian acts of the enemy, not for relief. Relief Jen deliberately places, meaning when read kiss Jen, Yi is the enemy but know that cause, although the top tax elk heel, have to endure "- meaning that: The main purpose of my visit is to resist the barbarians, not to relief; relief stress is benevolence; against the barbarians the emphasis is righteous, and I was fire and water, without any hesitation . This position has won high praise from many of the literati. Such as Shanghai Bao Wang Geng gentleman letter praised the TSE on the number of orphans from the darkness of the "beast of the field," the behavior of saving is a great feat, we can see that things are still viable. And expressed its willingness to fight side by side with, continue to promote this cause. Carry out the work when confronted with difficulties, often as a way to encourage Xie own: "destroyed the life of barbarians of the blog, can not forget the moment, ... (now get this opportunity) and the loss of the cross-arm, the body exists in reality dead, the world is not with this person, do not have to have this child Xie also. " It is also based on a "barbarian enemy" rather than "disaster relief" concept, Xie Shandong region in the activities of the famine was focused on the resettlement of children. It has been suggested that it will raise capital from the south to set up soup kitchens, to alleviate the urgent needs of victims of Qingzhou, the result was his refusal. TSE, while agreeing that the original Qingzhou porridge factory has stopped, victims of the situation is very dangerous, but in his eyes, children and adults are different: children of ignorance, do not know how to starve to death is a small matter, nothing disloyal in the Spring and Autumn Yixia cause, so can not ask them like adults and generous to Chijie die, therefore, limited funds should be given priority to give relief to children. Xie said in his diary: because of this consideration, so decide on their own "truth get peace of mind", no guilt. [Squire their success: many victims would rather starve to death, not foreigners of relief] A similar concept, Xie in many different occasions have repeatedly explained the. June 22, 1877 night, went to visit a number of Shanghai gentleman Xie, Li Chen church accept the dangers of Chinese children, just one seat in the church to raise relief funds for those who, for the church to say a word that should not be Jesus taught and confuse the Catholic Church, beat him to death. TSE immediately attracted intense refute: "The run by a who's good and bad has nothing to do with the religion, the concern is the limits of foreign Shandong victims Relief shirt by foreigners, more than in March, almost only aware of foreigners, I do not know Chinese men. Dwellers lose what is good music , if people have to go the next solid people, the prosperity of the country's strength training, it is much the loyal and righteous and if in turn, also raise funds for the church, so why not a traitor? relief of those who accept the church, must convert foreign teach, and finally no longer a citizen of China. the most miserable, those who have not yet opened Mongolian boy, how do you know these, seeing them fall in the church among the heartless? Zhu said that although no students to self-reliance, not If the death of the security, so my view is: save the children occupied in the church, is more important than the relief of victims. " Xie Jiafu relief activities of foreigners resistance, represents the day of the mainstream view of Chinese literati. This is obtained from the TSE can get a glimpse of the broad support. This attitude of resistance, also popular in the Qing court level. April 1878, the Henan Hong Qu political machine learning foreigners relief to hear the news, immediately memorial, accusing foreigners "whose motives are dangerous unpredictable", aims to take advantage of my "people Duochou storm" opportunity to "take care of people "to achieve their sinister plot. Qing court after receiving the memorial, then the instructions in Shanxi and Henan provinces, the governor (this due to the inland provinces, foreigners have not yet had time to enter the relief, but the disaster has been very severe), whenever they run into a foreigner to enter the disaster area, must be "wan to enlighten, trying to discourage. " Victims who resist the foreigners relief equally strong emotions. Historical records, Guangxu three years (1877), victims of Changle County, Shandong Province, "by Vladimir foreign relief"; victims of the County of Shandong music "all willing to starve to death, not foreigners of relief." Henan, the most decisive attitude of the victims, not only refused to accept relief, missionaries also touted the "ulterior motives." West, who was in the "declaration" published an article on such a description: "Where hungry big Bujie Shi, Henan, in the clergy are given to the bank, refused to receive, which means that the West priests served the people intended to buy, attractive church, so special to me and other money, Shen Wu falling their surgery. ring each other, not even one person willing to lead. and fake tears map of the type of iron, all sorts of evil-like artificial, that the priest inviting the church and so abused. also posted multiple points in an effort to incite the people, the province without official Gazette How can. " To follow "Iron Tears map" produced posters, and widely disseminated, there must be behind this is, Henan intellectuals who participate in the local gentry literati. Nevertheless, many still try to send missionaries into the Henan relief, but the result is that local people and the government does not allow them to stay, but not allow them in any way involved in the local relief services, and claimed that if they do not leave there will be in Henan life-threatening. Henan province's strong anti-religion sentiment much better than his province, Kaifeng residents heard about the missionaries, who reached the Hong flowers, then paste over the confession, the "barbarians prefer to eat meat, not eating Yi Su," the sentence, even a college strike declared that "war with the Westerners." Eventually, the missionaries had to abandon relief Henan plans. Shortage during the entire D E odd, actually did not let the West of Henan Province in its distribution within the slightest degree of relief supplies, the local gentry with their full, deserve full recognition.

1877 Annual Event: Adulteress Beijing to overturn the case of cabbage

This year, a dramatic Zhejiang official personnel earthquake, since the next governor YANG Chang-Chun, a large number of local officials sacked. The source of the event, dating back to 1873, a curb Plaza Hangzhou Yuhang County man died suddenly in connection with GE products. Four years later, the normal death, turned into "Late four injustice," the first of the "fre" case, and the late Qing legal system exposed the internal logic of the operation: (1) even if local officials do not intend initiative to create injustice, but the system itself will have the ability to create injustice; (2) living in the judicial system under the local officials, then generally do not care about facts of the case; (3) the judicial system , for the miscarriage of justice to reverse the verdict of the court do not care about the truth, only that the court need to comply with the "truth."

Injustice of logic: local officials to consider the black yarn, not the truth ["Taught by the same food," Rexia rumors for the injustice laid scourge] Ge Pythagorean (clamor called "cabbage") and GE products even after marriage in eleven years-wen, rental home in Adulteress rented room. During this period, Ge workshop tofu products to work with daily, often overnight store. Ge Pythagorean nothing else, always ask for advice to the lifts, a former Adulteress literacy, and sometimes Adulteress home with dinner. This situation continued until the following summer the couple moved Ge. Ge Pythagorean same good looks, Adulteress lifts origin, two of this relationship was really a little too close. Great start Adulteress Yang's wife Jane's alive, there is no inter-neighborhood gossip; useless to Tongzhi eleven years in September, Dayang Jane died giving birth, and Adulteress and Ge Pythagorean "taught by the same food," as before, rumors then gradually spread everywhere. Adulteress Pythagorean and between GE's "adultery" in the future as to stimulate the late Qing to the Republic of Pop Culture entertainment consumption, "long-term aphrodisiac." But relations between the two innocent, should be certain. First of all, not even heard about the rumors GE products, the potential to go home at night on several occasions under the eaves to monitor, not a glimpse of two further Passover move; Secondly, when the governor of Zhejiang Yamen Board of Punishments denied the existence of two "adultery "The allegations, which shows that the poor governor of Zhejiang bureaucratic power, but also failed to find conclusive evidence to prove two of" adultery. " But the clamor of rumors, but it became Adulteress Ge Pythagorean injustice fuse. GE products even died, his mother was Yushi Shen, "reminder", suspected murdered, and cross-examination Ge Pythagorean no fruit, namely Yuhang county government apply for an autopsy. In a series of do not meet the "standard" post-mortem procedure, GE products come with suspected arsenic poisoning death results. Yuhang magistrate Liu Xitong and in the neighborhood heard about the Adulteress between the Pythagorean and GE rumors, to conclude with GE products is really being poisoned, injustice on this shape. [Lazy to verify the case where the details, willing to subjective judgments to determine the "murderer"] Qing "Sheng Yu" highly stressed "by the Secretary counties, no more than the Legal Advisors, Zenitani while the Legal Advisors of the severe, Morrow lives." Qing states: the magistrate must be the victim or the victim dead body found at the scene or in person and timely post-mortem. If leaving the body changes its delay, and obstruction of the autopsy findings, the magistrate will be punished by flogging sixty. If the local magistrate going out, then the neighboring counties have the responsibility on behalf of the official autopsy, unjustified refusal on behalf of the autopsy, they will drop the official three calls. Yuhang magistrate Liu Xitong led Wuzuo Shen Xiang, Ding Shen Cai spring rush to the door when the autopsy, the body has begun swelling variation: there is blood flow within the nose and mouth, the body soft but not stiff; fingernails and toenails were dark gray. Wu Zuo Xiang Shen lack of professionalism, there will be bloody nose out written "QiQiao bleeding", the fingernails and toenails dark gray written as "blue black"; door Ding Cai Shen is also eligible to participate in spring actually autopsy and, based on "personal experience" , made of GE products with arsenic poisoning died in the conclusion. In accordance with the provisions of Qing magistrate Liu Xitong has the responsibility to personally post-mortem material in accordance with the standard "set of Xi Yuan Lu" and check if Wuzuo the autopsy report. "Xi Yuan sets record", said: "Soft body dead root Qinghei service, distributed to them into the blood, his lips turned crack, Bianshen rounds of small bubbles." Regardless, "Xi Yuan set record" is accurate, but it is clear that GE products Even the body does not comply with these characteristics. Also, before that, GE products with many relatives and neighbors who have not seen the variation of the body, as long as the minor asked to clarify whether the poisoning death with GE products. But Liu Xitong clearly further confirmation that these are not necessary, the depths of his heart, and GE is already the Adulteress Pythagorean's "adultery" and even the death of GE products, naturally linked to together. [That case there is doubt, do not seek the truth and engaged in anti-cobble together "the chain of evidence" accomplishing iron case] GE products with the "death" was determined, Liu Xitong work to be done next is to find support for this "death" of the evidence and form a complete chain of evidence. The first need is the statement of the Pythagorean Ge, Liu Xitong the case in the planning years, GE has been identified as Pichia because Jianmou husband's murderer, so he went straight to the questioning "poison come from." Ge Pythagorean no poison, drugs come from natural no answer. Liu Xitong interrogation scene to no avail, then has its back to the county government tortured, according to the past, "declared" disclosures, GE Pythagorean suffered the punishment but "red-hot milk barbed wire, tin irrigation water dragon back", which has spread the "quintessence", the cruelty is evident. Under torture, what kind of statements are hard to find. Pythagorean point of standing Ge - Liu Xitong already "confirmed" Ge died of poisoning with chemicals, he has been "confirmed" as the murderer, and the clamor and Adulteress their simmering rumors, GE must also know the Pythagorean The reason that, framed climbing Adulteress, became GE Pythagorean under torture, "natural" choice. Lifts Adulteress subsequently brought to the county government. According to the statement of Pythagoras Ge Yang fifth day of October, the Department gave her arsenic, but Adulteress there is sufficient evidence to prove their fifth day of October, because things go out, not in Yuhang city. The court began a major doubt, a serious deviation from the Liu Xitong "experienced" and "subjective." If Liu Xitong to abandon preconceived prejudices, timely re-examine the case, the injustice may be able to stop there. But the fact is: Adulteress of lifts, as so Liu Xitong quite annoyed, because, according to Qing law, he has no right to torture a lifts. Liu resort is the case reported to the prefect of Hangzhou, bureaucratic, requiring reforms to Adulteress the lifts identity. To cover up has been, Liu Xitong muffled Adulteress provide a series of witnesses, failure to file their income was prefect of the Yamen. Ever since, Adulteress lost lifts identity. Under torture, to what could have anything. Only this time the use of torture, made in Hangzhou prefect for Chen Lu. Adulteress admitted poisoning, the evidence of the integrity of the next chain ring is the source of arsenic. Yang had to climb to frame a company called love Ren Tang's pharmacy, and to identify the pharmacy owner to sell their arsenic called "money treasure life." So far the case seems to have been to the bottom. Guessed summoned to the Church's love for Ren Tang boss said: he does not call "money Po Sang," and called the money, Tan; is never sold arsenic to Adulteress. The court thus again a major doubt, if the officials were able to put aside to re-examine the case, then the injustice is still possible to clarify. But Liu Xitong but to go "Gong" Tan witness money, as long as he promised to testify Adulteress, to ensure he did not hold any responsibility for, and threatened: Adulteress have been to confess, Tan refused to identify if the money is there cover the crime. So, the money Tan's "testimony" is also a smooth hand. A perfect chain of evidence of a miscarriage of justice, this fully formed. ["Private visits" to "see the truth behind" gatekeeper function useless bureaucratic superiors] Tongzhi eleven November sixth, Hangzhou government decision: Ge Pythagorean husband because the pro-rape murder, punishable by slicing the sentence; Adulteress incite others to murder pro-husband, cut up fine decision. The decision is reported to Zhejiang provincial judge Yamen, for approval. Zhejiang provincial judge Quine He lifts Sun is born, stood on the Adulteress regardless of future good of the lifts, but as a woman and lose his own life worth somewhat suspect. But Quine HE sun in order to save, did not carefully check the case file, but only the charge of the case the whole process of the trial magistrate Liu Xitong Yuhang got asked a lot. Naturally, Liu Xitong provincial judge to give an adult, must be boldly guaranteed without grievances. Thus, the files in those doubts, for example, money, money Po Sang Tan never called, so bureaucratic slip easily passed from the provincial judge. Subsequently, the file was sent to the governor of Zhejiang Yamen. Yamen is a province governor in charge of affairs of the integrated government offices, numerous affairs, in the Criminal Prison in checking the ability and energy, naturally not as good as the provincial judge responsible for Legal Advisors bureaucratic affairs. YANG Chang an alternate governor to appoint a magistrate to make unannounced visits to the incident. This alternate magistrate, put the rituals pulled off "see the truth behind" - he's all action in Yuhang County, rely on creating a miscarriage of justice the magistrate Liu Xitong arrangements. Its conclusions, the natural can be imagined. Tongzhi years on December 20, YANG Chang Chun-governor of Zhejiang in Hangzhou, the government of the ruling of the original charges, the case reported to the court.

Logic to reverse the verdict: the court to consider the political, not truth Court received a report on the merits of the governor of Zhejiang, but also received Adulteress's sister went to Beijing to petition for redress Yang Juzhen material. Petition during the many twists and turns tough, do not skip to mention here, the results are well known: more than a year in the court sustained the pressure, dynasty December 2002 9, Board of Punishments in Beijing Temple of the sea will open an autopsy being opened, conclusion: the size of GE products with whole body exhumation showed yellow-white, not sure poison and died. [Yuanbu Yuan is a problem, not vindication vindication is another issue] Autopsy after being opened, injustice or no longer in dispute. But how the court decision, apparently has nothing to do with the truth - a large number of heavyweight opposition to injustice vindication officials, such as: GE products even though the crime of poisoning has been cleared, Board of Punishments Book Sang Chunrong relevant personnel are asked to "inquiry Adulteress , Ge Pythagorean, strengthen its self-volt adultery ", is still hoping to complete the crime of killing Adulteress and GE's. Another guarantee is that the Board of Punishments Book of soap: hand made injustice Yuhang county magistrate Liu Xitong, Po Lam is a scholar of the "village list in the same year", it must keep Liu Xitong. Were the most intense, perhaps, is the new Governor of Sichuan Ding Baozhen, he heard about the autopsy results furious, to Sichuan in the office before the Board of Punishments row, "North Korea threatened to", said: "GE products for more than three years, even death, drugs eliminate bone white, this is also insufficient given the actual situation ", that the Board of Punishments of the autopsy findings relied upon, the case should still be upheld. Board of Punishments Book Sang Chunrong and threatened: If this iron can be turned over the case, that local officials in the future no one dare. - It is worth mentioning: Ding Zengyin good at advocating for the execution of the empress's favorite eunuch An Dehai and to honest government and in the name famous. GE announced the completion of the final court's acquittal Adulteress. But the ruling did not receive court approval within the minister of state, Tso that is one, he quickly found an opportunity, in this case will never be the court dismissed the former governor of Zhejiang Service YANG Chang Chun Paul once again play the mountain, to show protest. YANG Chang-Jun then holding various positions, until the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Bingbushangshu, Prince CPIC. An obviously white injustice, why is there a lot of minister of state court against the vindication of the situation? [The court's intention: to suppress the local governors, rebuild central authority] Adulteress Beijing to petition the case to overturn the post, is the result of many factors. Hu merchant funding, providing financial backing for the petition; Adulteress lifts the identity of the imperial era to bring him a bureaucratic network of relationships - from "the same year" to help, to the joint letter from Zhejiang Beijing officials, and finally to the Emperor Weng division came forward, the case leading to the Gong Wei, the redress of grievances to the formation of context, entirely Adulteress the lifts identity; In addition, the "declaration" on the merits of continuing to do long-term follow-up reports, creating pressure of public opinion among the people, are also important factors. However, prompting the court issued a thirteen consecutive decree, remanded the case again and again, until a key driver of the autopsy being opened, not Caomin grievances of the truth, but political considerations: the court hoping to recover the death penalty jurisdiction , beat local governors, reshape the central government's authority. Punishments closed on the eve of a retrial, Censor Wang Xin submitted a memorial that best embodies the court's intentions. Wang Zhejiang officials severely criticized the memorial, "Xunqingwangfa neglect up private, right and wrong" and rebuked the governor YANG Chang-Chun "contempt laws misled his majesty, unscrupulous"; and then push and all the local leaders, worried about "the Minister if there is a tendency than friends, the court not without isolation of the future "; recommended the court punish YANG Chang-Chun and other officials, in order to reverse the situation Jiang Chen Miao method misled his majesty," to stretch Dafa in the world to hang Jiong ring in the future. Shu-chen workers know the size of the fear, the court The Ji Gang lifted. " Appreciate the court said Wang Xin of this memorial, Royal Instructions issued instructions, said: "This case like many provinces," ordered the Board of Punishments "After all thoroughly." King memorial is Bingcheng Di Weng meaning and writing teacher. As a key figure in the case of reverse Adulteress, Weng had told Christine Prince said so: "red age matter to the Queen Mother curtain, is the so-called 'widows and orphans, a situation, the weak and strong dry branches, has become unwieldy, often arisen . to the history of various symptoms, Banbankekao. princes body when the task, how can they not move Tingli Wei? " Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the local governors and expanding the death penalty jurisdiction also fall from the central to local. Since the hope that the court "Li Wei", the truth of the case is not important, important is the court required that was consistent with the "truth of the case", in other words, even if local officials did not misjudge the case, if a court intended to adhere to, and finally the truth still requires that the court can only "truth." As a result, local governors, such as General Tso their dissatisfaction, it is not hard to understand. [Gentleman's prerogative: Adulteress complete with GE's completely two worlds] People in lifts Adulteress pro-Beijing to petition the road, there has been all kinds of "elegant", among them a Adulteress students, business persons with Hu that, there are a large number of officials in the capital of Zhejiang membership. Without these people, the number of petitions Adulteress family more, they can not get the attention of Emperor division, but can not be retried as many as 13 of the decree. This is a gentleman, in the judicial system in the Empire to have the privilege. And Adulteress persistent petitioners and their relatives in contrast, is GE's complete silence throughout. After serving from torture framed until the grievances wash, Ge content with the fate of the Pythagorean injustice, and always have never sought redress. Therefore, in repeated cases of remand, the case evolved into two branches: one is the "people's due to rape women GE completed the Fuge drug product even death" case; the other is the "leather give Adulteress with rape because of unscrupulous Women's drug death of the husband "case. Ge Pythagorean real man, she did not Adulteress that lifts the identity of a network of resources to bring, so she did not petition, nor redress. Results, there really is no redress for her people stopped by, whether officials in Beijing Zhejiang membership, or adhering to the holy will of the censor, they only describe Adulteress memorial in the injustice, but has not Tige Pythagorean of the flexor. Instead, they even think that GE does have poisoned the Pythagorean Fuge product with the crime, said she was "narrow borders on evil, the ugly sound of an early." This attitude even Adulteress also, for the second time in Beijing to petition and write was the word, the Adulteress begins with that said: "The last year the beginning of October 9, a GE product Pythagorean poisoned piece of the Fuge death case, "and then falsely accused GE Pichia, Lai said she had had married Yushchenko, and with others there is adultery. GE also is not conducive to public opinion Pythagorean. "Declaration" of a report in 1876 that such a complete description of GE's: "his life away with their people to pay, according to its self, or that the private person, I can sit forty-five cloud." If there is no autopsy to prove the last being opened GE product with no toxicity, then the final outcome of the case is probably: Ge Pythagorean poisoned the husband, climbing framed lifts Adulteress. Good teachers have the summer with the Emperor on the case of the Empress Dowager Liang Gong said: "The case study that, if not the truth, no one will read Zhejiang motivated." This is against the "gentry" is concerned, of course, means: within the empire, Even Beijing to petition, a gentleman who has become a "privilege."

1876 ​​Annual Event: Chinese embassy official set

1876, "Celestial Empire State" was finally sent to the West, his first diplomatic envoy. Bring it, is the last year in Yunnan, "Smadja in the event" - the British embassy officials and others to Margary in Yunnan, to "inspect", clashes with local people killed, led to serious diplomatic accident. Finally, the Qing court and the United Kingdom signed the "Treaty of Yantai" humiliating end. Treaties require the Qing court to be sent to Britain to "apologize", then a completely accurate to the British minister in China's first ambassador to the United Kingdom regarding the identity. Accompanied Fushi Liu Xihong, after the change in Bolin Gong Ren Qingting so. This is the modern people of the great opportunity to learn more about the West - whether to treat it as an enemy, or learning objects, the most basic understanding are essential. But unfortunately, completely accurate and Liu Xihong, the two traditional literati face of Western civilization, preached two diametrically opposite attitude. Finally, Liu Xihong victory also directed, completely accurate husband is harvested under a million. The symbolic significance of this event is: it clearly makes clear since 1840 has opened the door hanging 40 years, the Qing court in the "reform" level, only one thing - that is, in theory to a variety of ways that all the achievements of Western countries, still could not stick to the traditional ideology of the Qing Fan caught, but also "successfully" to prove the stick of the traditional imperial ideology, is still universal appeal of "the world matter said. " And any who dare to challenge this section, the last is so completely accurate inevitably reduced to the sad ending.

Completely accurate: the three generations of the Chinese government as Western democracy [No door to go abroad, is "popular indignation."] Although diplomatic envoy appointed as early as August 1875, already issued, but completely accurate in determining waiting for the day of departure, the ambassador to the United Kingdom has no intention of growing. Appointed at the beginning, there is public opinion irony of this trip is no different from disgrace; March 1876, he witnessed the British Minister Yamen Wade arrogance of the arrogant, Ju Dou Wei-Wei, Department of gentlemen to listen to training, and deep sense of shortness of breath. Previously, Kuo has been repeatedly in public and non-government and public occasions scholar who had accused the ignorance, blindly hate foreigners, but the embrace of the imperial state's modesty, life and death do not want foreigners to understand the reason that the situation has become : Behind the curse foreigners, foreigners accused person is. These remarks spurred many fragile nerves, naturally attracted the endless slander. Witnessed the downturn, literati CD meeting misuse know angrily ran cross country, Guo himself bad mood, melancholy, want to retire through illness. But Wenxiang so clearly Yamen ministers, in addition to other than completely accurate, I fear, could not find the person willing to mission, so the firm does not permit his resignation, only approved sick leave. Allowed to resign and the resignation of the tug of war, has been continued from March to July. Later works of certain periods of modern history, will be completely accurate all the mentality of the British ambassador described as "turning back", the mind is naturally good for the mold to open one of the most perfect image of seeing the world's pioneer; but hesitate to go against the historical facts, are not prove that the book should have a history of the practice. Guo's retained this hesitation, there are no harm - brother Guo Kun Tao was in a letter that his brother went on a decline going abroad to understand the state of mind: "My brother's resolved to beg back, no real way for foreign affairs, but no with the speaker, they are not difficult to avoid the envoy." To September, the Empress decided summoned completely accurate, for comfort. Empress of Guo said: "At this point and must not resign, the state difficult, shall be any of Yili, I had Zhirupingxi public body of state loyalty, this (mission) actually have no office, must be a national of any of this Ru hard. ... ... others, said Yu gossip, you do not control him, they just nonsense outsider, in total disregard of common sense, others do not care free, said horizontal straight emperor always know your thoughts. "completely accurate meaning of the resignation, bringing it to scrap. Starting on the eve of October 31, the Queen Mother once again summoned completely accurate, tried to comfort him: "Yu mind since the court can understand, can not listen to outsiders light words, they do not know what the original." Completely accurate in front of the Queen Mother could not help but swore mainstream literati , said they "do not know is a small matter, but it is stubbornly insolent, such as home minister this is not a small frightened!" - August and September that year, to participate in the provincial examinations in Changsha, Hunan scholar heard about the "well-known scholar" completely accurate about to go to Western, as in the British minister, Ju Dou furious, imperial system, has always been four barbarians set on my Imperial resident envoy, anything heavenly sent envoys resident barbarians are the truth; not to mention completely accurate this line, also bears on the "Smadja in the incident" an apology to the British mission, and more to stimulate these "patriotic scholar" who organize parties , pain slander completely accurate, and results teams to Changsha Yuquan Hill, threatened to completely destroy the residential Kuo, Kuok is not this a little frightened. No door to go abroad, Kuo had fallen into "popular indignation," the point. During the ship in Shanghai, Hou, Governor Jiang Shen Pao-chen Guo Songtao to the two letters one can get a glimpse of the nearly sixty years old heart of the ups and downs: "Young Dan (Dan Shen Pao-chen word child) Book of the same year, adults are based on your old and sick ... ... Song Tao's body, running seven miles from the capital under the scholar-officials and village elders, slander of the pain phase, but no longer the number ... ... and even this pole, how to teach the public will? " Although not because of this mission was to look at the home crowd as people ("even more complex with the number"), Guo has turned to concern: "Mocha world people, without fear of foreign patients have been reported" - their own face of this, people can glimpse the world, the whole nation angrily without reason, how can the risk of foreign interest! [A diary, "I do not know what motive"] January 1877, completely accurate Travancore cruise ride to London; April, officially took office in the British Minister. But officials in July that the impeachment was domestic, and later played continuously by Fushi Liuxi Hong secret "report." Less than two years, completely accurate that is forced to rush home. The reason, Liang year in the "Introduction to the evolution of China five decades," which has made it very clear: 'Dynasty years, there was the British ambassador to the Minister completely accurate, do one travels. Inside for some, probably said: the barbarians and the past is now different, they also have two years of civilization. Oh! Be extraordinary. Pass book to Beijing, the lower-ranking scholar-officials of the public outrage are excited, and everyone is reprimanded, ... referred to the throne to ruin board, considered bin. " So-called "Travels", real name is called "the Western discipline process" is completely accurate boat from Shanghai to London 50 days of diary, but two thousand words, sorted out by himself after the copy sent to print and publish Yamen rigid. Result, this small book has caused great indignation of their lower-ranking scholar-officials. Such well-known scholar Li Chi Ming recorded storm: "" The West, Ji Cheng, "hang in mind can see, the very meaning Exaggeration, Tailv claims that testimonies of work, and to virtue, prosperity Ai, Huan returnees heart. ... ... Made this book out, and bureaucratic trade whom published, where flesh who are all gear. So Hubei He Jinshou editing for the day to say the official, a strict impeach the sparse, Youzhao destroyed board, and the flow distribution has been widely carry on. Song Tao of the remark, honesty I do not know what the lung liver, and how those whom engraved heart! " Completely accurate to the West after originally planned, compiled a monthly journal published to the Yamen, as discussed with the affairs of foreigners. Guessed Consequently, "the West Ji Cheng" committed the outrage, the monthly journal of the plan had to write this on hold. [Admit foreigners "people", so they have become "traitors"] "The Western discipline process," Lane said what? Guangxu two days in April for three years (old calendar), after visiting the London Post Office, Guo wrote in his diary: "British administration, in order to convenience, but because people take more than the economy of the country to use. ... As far as tens of thousands of years, nearly to live together in one city, but the sticky vote on it the letter, the letter is delivered Bureau, the number of every one thousand years into the million pounds. ... ... This is also designed for convenience, and the fact that a state of benefits so. This rich and strong on the Western is also the reason why. " Prosperity of Western countries, based on their "convenience" basis - completely accurate attaches great importance to this discovery on their own, thus, the learning interest in Western economic theory, many times to London of the British, and Japanese scholars and officials ask. February 27 Guangxu three years (old calendar), completely accurate and the Lord of the British friends to discuss the British tax, that the British official monthly salary of 300 pounds or more, it must be the same after tax, sighed and said: "The sincerity of good law, then non-democratic countries, the situation has not. Western countries so long enjoyed the king and the people it is also the main national policy." Kuo of this' jun and the primary national policy "very interested in the democratic form of government, and later, he visited the UK and interest to the operation of the House of Commons, Members of the United Kingdom to attend a" logistic Bingbushangshu Hal, "all the rebuttal criticism; and then also visited the British two-party system is useless until this year, December 19, Minister to Germany with Lee as the future of British political culture when Danya, Guo has been tantamount to a "British Link" - the Li Q: moving in the UK, the opposition parties normally live in harmony, then encountered affairs disagree, do not want each other, finally voted to many people is the winner, the losers accept the outcome calmly, to make things difficult for those not satisfied with anger, "I do not know how to then?" Kuo this answer: "Western Germany, Jun, depending on three generations of Chinese to make the main, there can be no end for those who, namely Iraq, weeks with industry, has not heard Yan, while the subjects of national policy a public, private Qijun do not think its choice official Zhi Shi, some classes, qualifications, and are used by elite will be a giant with a total of people. the court applied the love and hate nothing, there is not a cheerful subjects, that is not security of its position. from the beginning based government hospital, the two points with different party, so that the exhaust-chi meaning, deducing identified barge to be wrong; and Bing Zheng Zheyi in the meantime after another to win. ... ... the government to court another male subjects, on the very bluntly, nothing taboo, a letter to common people , and reciprocate all its customs of into, brewing has been numbered solid! " "Three generations of the rule" is a traditional Chinese political philosophy of the ultimate ideal, Guo Songtao said "barbarians" regime of good non-"three generations" can and, obviously stung by this praise the fragile domestic scholar who pride, can not but arouse their anger. Moreover, Guo still continues: "Ethics of three generations of saints, and also non-Western can. That I pilgrimage ancestors Ren Sheng, seeking the Western one thousand eight hundred and seventy eight years, there is no end for those who can. Saints to any one of the world labor, and Western Shu-chen to the public. life of holiness, can not often have, Wen, Wu, Cheng, Kang, four St. each other, less than a hundred years, and Chen Shu of the infinite, strong, longer and more human Sheng. "- which If the meaning of section actually said: We have saints, not the West; but we rely on the rule of saints, from generation to generation often can not be saints; the West by the public autonomy, but can be derived infinite. "The vast seas, with knowledge of the people, the heart of this science, so those on the lease-day heart, anything different zai? And rustic corner of said East China, more than all the barbarians also, Wusuo Fugan know carry on." - These words mean, obviously is a challenge to the traditional literati's "concept of barbarians." Until the dynasty years, "national" scholar Wang Kaiyun also the "Chien's House Diary," in this criticism completely accurate: "Human beings are superior to those of its clever disadvantages one hundred, one of China in order to rule a mess. Biyi Di everyone to things, then the fraud through the popular pseudo-Hing carry on. Envoys (referring to Guo) to see for oneself and flatter the surface, special non-fact. " Wang Kaiyun refused to recognize the West is "people", but insisted that they merely "objects", but through some popularity, then becomes nothing more treacherous hypocrisy. Guo Songtao know Wang Kaiyun view large market, dynasty years, when he had lamented: "Three generations ago, China has the enlightenment ear alone, and therefore," to dress, "and" shortage of clothes "in the name of an all in China and much of the name" barbarians. "From the Han, China has increased slightly off enlightenment, and political and religious customs European countries are good at their sole win its as China, but also still the time of three generations as the barbarians also Sheng, Chinese scholar-officials who know this yet its people and injuring indeed! " Kuo far in the UK, but should imagine to be, the remarks he has enough to ignite an entire nation across the ocean of knowledge class anger - Fushi Liuxi Hong counterparts, ie inside the embassy completely draw high-profile announcement with Guo boundaries: "This capital refers to the same purpose as the traitor of the people, I will not allow." [Critical reforms, and eventually became Public Enemy] "Traitor" completely accurate, but enough, eventually the blade of his criticism of command to the "light of the rule with the" fundamental powerhouse - the late Qing self-reform. Li in a correspondence sent from London, the completely accurate for self-movement leaders in order to copy a complete denial "gunboats" self-strengthening movement as the core of the late Qing: "... Watches, toys, home we all share, woolen and cloth of the genus, throughout the backcountry. ... ... A smell railroads, telegraph, bitter, rallied together to stop hard. ... ... For three decades of foreign affairs, Jiang Li know nothing." At the same time, Guo's attack on the domestic literati also reached fevered pitch, the Imperial Academy Shi Jiang Zhang Peilun at that time be regarded as a liberal who is also completely accurate impeachment memorial, said: "" Ji Cheng "work, absurdity afforded to AIDS and more. Ban on the court regardless of his book and with its people, formerly expediency. ... Today people refer to" the Western discipline process, "neither those who do not think that rebellious, but still seems to Guo Songtao Chijie on the outside, ... fooling unexpected machine right, that was completely accurate will be kept Dayong, the people's suffering there is no way to keep straight who fear, Sofitel loss state system only. "- means that: The court cut out completely accurate book, he also continued the appointment, I am afraid not to rough "public opinion" a son. Court's "confessed" So came into being. Wei has made "cross-straight Emperor's total know your mind," the Empress Dowager Cixi, this time the edict was increased aid: "This should immediately be withdrawn and strict punishment of the line to show Jiong ring. Gunian completely accurate in Britain since the negotiations for the event, still capable of properly the end ... ... if still pregnant Siyuan dare, presume had not repent, then the law of the land in, Excuses are not repeatedly invited! "

Liu Xihong: foreigners is strong because of the margins of our study [With the West, the conclusion diametrically opposed] Together with the ambassador Fu Shi Guo Song-tao Liu Xihong, later became China's first ambassador Bolin Gong so. The Panyu in Guangdong Xianfeng Tongzhi done only in the Board of Punishments Yuan Wailang a class of small government, no opposition is so prominent moving Kuo reputation. It can become members of the mission, resulting from the personal self-nominations and recommend Kuo. But after going abroad, soon began to regret their Kuo recommend the Liuxi Hong, wrote in his diary: "Minister Li countries involved, while seeking its beneficial test, unlike tens of thousands of Liu imperial line itself, the knowledge to make broad, a meaning backhand off his door. "Guo Songtao that Liuxi Hong various manners, motivation is:" The heart will not get a glimpse of Western China purports to benefit. " And Guo Songtao similar Liuxi Hong ambassador also wrote a book during the "British light carriage private mind", a detailed record of him in the eyes of the Western world, and his "Western civilization" of the understanding and interpretation. As a result, future generations of modern Chinese history, left the scene of the most meaningful comedy: Guo Song-tao and Liu Xihong, the same background, and traveled the same journey, but in the end, they get out of the conclusions are completely poles apart - completely accurate recognition of Western democracies three generations of the Chinese government is far better than the ancient, Liuxi Hong said: "know the benevolence of the UK today, to attain prosperity, might come not from the old into China due to hear the holy church." What kind of logic needed to produce the "rich and powerful is because the UK to learn from China" so absurd conclusion? [Absurd logic that Western civilization is China's "holy church," which bear fruit] Liu Xihong not view this as a fantastic place. Magnificent Buckingham Palace, the city streets clean and tidy, polite people in London, and the maneuvering of the train, bizarre chemistry experiment ... ... All of these, an entirely fresh and unfamiliar advanced civilization, was placed in the origin of the traditional literati Liu Xihong in front of his cognitive system to the impact can be imagined. The choice before him, no more than two, or admit that Western civilization is advanced civilization, so we must abandon the traditional "Yi Xia concept", to give up heavenly in the "civilized level," insisted the hundreds of thousands of self-esteem and pride; or is to find some kind of logic that Western civilization will be incorporated into the traditional Chinese "Yi Xia" civilized system in the past, re-affirmed the "saints of the universal religion." Liu Xihong naturally chose the second way. His own with a unique "logical" to Western civilization, he saw, all traditional Chinese Kong Meng Shengxian interpreted as the product of the road, then the resulting "success" to defend the "Chinese civilization" of the center. Liu specific "logic" is this: First, he admitted himself to see the British political customs have praiseworthy. In his "British light carriage private mind" describes the road: the British political customs, in addition to his son's pro, treat men and women do not pay attention, the rest are equal level with China is no different; and there is no free government, no homeless, no cruel inhumane policy , to London for two months, go out many times, no human speech, noise, and no look of sorrow to see the lonely person. However, Liu Bifeng suddenly a turn, said: Today the Western customs, "the U.S. move to rescue poor", which is China's holy people respected the "benevolence" of a performance; Westerners also emphasis on "sense of justice and trustworthiness." This fact is the Chinese people respected the holy, "meaning" of a performance. Furthermore, Liu of foreigners eager to put forward their own: if they can understand these sages they continue to flourish, then they can at the level of civilization into the higher realm, and create a neat grace harmonious society. So, Liu Xihong put all the achievements of Western civilization, are incorporated into the hole Meng Shengxian name of religion. Then, he "explains" the Westerners to understand why the sages of China, said: "I before the Qing Emperor Qianlong, ya shortage efficiency along, oceans of Mu ... ... now know the benevolence of the British to attain prosperity, might come not from the long into China, due to hear the holy church. " Ever since, Liu Xihong digestion not only lost their understanding of Western civilization to the impact of the structure, but also to regain the confidence of Chinese traditional culture - the more powerful Western civilization, the more able to "prove" China "holy church." radiation universally powerful. Finally, this "logic" strange to such a degree: the more advanced Western civilization, the more they can prove that "the holy church," the glorious and correct, the more I can prove that accommodating the Chinese "summer of change with the barbarians," the ability of powerful, more accommodating, I can prove that China is doing the "world" center of civilization. [West only learn "the holy church," superficial, their need to learn Chinese, but without reform] Liu is another problem to be solved: since Western secular government is good, but also China's "holy church," the product, then the study of Western civilization, China Can it? Liu's answer is no. Although he repeatedly referred to "the policy of Western China ... and I said caused more than a rule coincide," but in his view, Westerners of the "holy church," to understand just scratched the surface, with my vast Chinese for " holy church, "the deep understanding of the quite different -" provision of China since the days of open land has been over the years up to a hundred during which dozens of Story ... ... the following words from the depth of management, there are too many times by ocean. oceanic to rich for the rich, not greedy for the rich in China; ocean to strong for the strong, strong as a strong China to bad he's thinking ... ... useless by useless useless Dayong also husband! " Since the prosperity of the West is "the holy church," the credit, and foreigners have learned only "holy church," superficial, not worth learning, then, how to save the country the potential erosion and deserting it? Liu Xihong opinion is: It is now in foreign affairs bureaucrats emphasis towards the "Western", but a low-level "hundreds of hands art of learning ', the fundamental rule is to" correct people learning disabilities "- if removing the background of speech, Liu If this still seems unreasonable today: "How can decree do not speak, people's livelihood is not shirts, but the boat and the machine gun is dependable, then evil enough to rule the world?" Guo Songtao also criticized the foreign affairs bureaucracy only pay attention to "machine gun ship", but Guo is critical standpoint: there are many more Western democracy worthy of a place to learn, this is the road to self-improvement. The Liuxi Hong criticism only pay attention to foreign affairs bureaucracy, "the machine gun ship," but this is in order to affirm their own political position: "our ancestors the old law Jie profound meaning to the old ... ... learned of the free, all the best but also the old, that this can be re-treated. "- just remove the existing politics of the law there are no ancestors, the ancestors of the law in the restoration of abandoned, and the world to promote peace and order, if they make a fresh start to engage in what the depth of reform, then" disturb the very, bring disaster on Sri Lanka students "will to chaos. She is also, for example: "I Qianlong of the world, not a train, but the government granary overflow charge, Freeman objects Fu, lashing straight and five Indian, Western and is also effective tribute to concede defeat." Therefore, China does not need reform, only return to the "ancestral" system; do not need to learn from the West, only need to seriously study "the holy church." Because: "the holy church," one size fits all.

1875 Annual Event: coastal and anti-Serbian dispute

This year, the emperor died of syphilis Tongzhi. Within the palace, the emperor was busy making all the signs of suffering from smallpox and ascended to heaven and evidence; Chodo on top of the Empire minister of state who are caught in a coastal defense and anti-Serbian dispute. Argue against the backdrop of modern China border and coastal defense simultaneously huge crisis. 60-70 years of the 19th century, in addition to Hamilton, the corner is still Qing Balikun hands, in most parts of Xinjiang has been Yakub Beg forces occupied; 1871, the Russian name for the banner of imperial crusade to win Ili Yakub Beg, the then trying to use the same means to enter the Urumqi. Department of General Wing Yili full glimpse of Russia's true intentions: "not only in the request for re-currency, has not only usurped the Ili, Xinjiang will make the land are all there and then had been" called Qing troops in Xinjiang, Urumqi recovered powerhouse. August 1874, the Qing court ordered his troops exit Zuo, Qing Jiayuguan gathered before, ready to go. At the same time, territorial waters in the southeast, the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 with the underdog, but actually unable to force the Qing expulsion, Chan had to praise the Japanese invasion of Taiwan to "protect the people owed" to two in exchange for Japanese silver 500 000 Taiwan withdrawal end. "Coastal empty" feeling like exposed. In November, Prince Gong and other memorial requests funds to purchase armored coastal defense ship to strengthen. Court ordered Li, Shen Pao-chen and other river, coastal provinces, General proposed the matter in detail fifteen governors, one month deadline to come up conclusions. However, financial limitations Qing, it is difficult taking into account the territorial waters of the southeast and northwest Miles Miles transport rates. In 1875, the court then minister of state are more important issues in the defense produced a huge difference. Later scholars have discussed this section, and many more for the coastal defense on the behalf of Li, head of the traitor; addition to the tang for the plug on the behalf of defense, praised it as a national hero.

Serbian Defense: Li never aired before "giving up in Xinjiang." Published in 1985, "Tso Critical Biography" in 1875 so as coastal defense, anti-Serbian dispute characterization: "Coastal defense and anti-Serbian dispute, neither the general policy differences, not simply as the two groups (Hunan University, Anhui University) factional struggles for power, but not to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, to Do not safeguard the fundamental interests of the Chinese major dispute, in essence, patriotism and betrayal of the struggle. " Hu Sheng, published in 1981, "From Opium War to the May Fourth Movement," a book, have done the same qualitative: "At that time, Li was the large number of national financial resources for the operation of his Northern Navy, so he strongly emphasized the importance of coastal defense, and the Northwest Frontier as an option. Tso in the northwestern region has a massive position, so that he can not attention to the problem in Xinjiang. In essence, the issue between them the differences in Xinjiang, in the face of the imperialist forces of oppression, what attitude problem. Tso's words and deeds on this issue is in line with the long-term interests of the patriotic Chinese manifestations. "and Li" can only be traitorous minions. " Behind this characterization, it is clear that there will be divided into internal Qing Li, represented by the "coastal group" represented by Tso and to "plug anti-school" means two camps. After making this camp is divided, then the negative Li, Zuo sure. This position clear, appraise distinct dichotomy, in fact, education in modern Chinese history, the largest chronic illness. In fact, there is no clear boundaries of what "coastal group" or "anti-Serbian faction." Minister of state participating in the debate of the court, no one to give up the coastal defense of the proposal or the plug, the focus of their argument, focused on the present conditions of limited financial resources, should be what is first. Li's view is: "Xinjiang is no longer in physical strength without injury; territorial waters does not prevent, the hinterland of the scourge of the more spine," that "China's current force is less than the real lovers of the Western Regions." The specific programs are: 1, stopped soldiers. Recommended withdrawal of the court to stop and all along the Northwest has been prepared all along the troops, so that it "strictly existing borders, and the Tuen Mun and farming, without urgent plan ahead", the extra stop out of Xiangyin withdrawal, the diversion of coastal defense purposes. 2, operations. Li was later spread to give up more than slander Xinjiang, but its real business strategy in Xinjiang is: "pacify Ili and Urumqi, Kashgar and other back to the Emirates, the self as a quasi-tribes, such as Yunnan, Guizhou, the Miao-Yao toast, Vietnam, North Korea's Bong slightly our rules, "Li that, so you can either defeat the British, Russian annexation of the heart, the Chinese do not have to Lao Shi expedition, in fact," durable way. " Leaving aside the feasibility of this program, but to put a Li "to give up on those in Xinjiang," hats, but apparently not necessarily respect the historical facts. - Li proposed to operate in Xinjiang as "toast, such as Yunnan, Guizhou, the Miao-Yao, Vietnam, North Korea's Bong our rules a little," is the traitor was later accused of important evidence. But Lee's point of view the place of China in 1875, that time, the traditional "world view" is far from being modern "world view" replaced by Li in the context of "Vietnam", "North Korea", not the modern sense the sovereign state, but the traditional Chinese "world view" inside the vassal, it will "Vietnam", "North Korea" and the Chinese mainland's "Yunnan-Guizhou Miao-Yao toast of" par, you can see reflected. In other words, said Li never giving up in Xinjiang, his recommendations, the establishment of the Qing court in 1875's "world view" basis. This "world view" appears in today's seemingly absurd, but at the time, but it is trying to adhere to the orthodoxy of the imperial ideology. The late Qing Dynasty to modern China, traditional Chinese difficult transition process, and indeed the late Qing Dynasty to modern people the traditional political philosophy and political philosophy transformation process. Li Hai Phong and plug in the battle against the views held by, is the product of this transformation process. Less than a day later the people understand the concept of Chaos and transition loss, and simply denounced Li as "traitors", of course, happy happy, but also sad too are deplorable. By comparison, General Tso's opinion does not exist to understand the differences. Left because claim "East is Haiphong, then plug anti-West, the two both" and in future generations cringe, but in fact, Li and other so-called "coastal critics" do not argue that anti-plug is not important, but their differences existing financial conditions, the Serbian defense and coastal defense, who should give priority to processing only. With Li that the coastal crisis even worse, should focus on financial priorities for differences in the Tso view, eliminating the need for coastal ship acquisition and Guchuan cost of the fee, because Foochow Navy ships have been able to make, do not have to use West sign of Xiangyin; Furthermore, even if not west, and keep drawing in, it is impossible for the coastal province of Xiangyin use. As for Li-called crisis is more important than the western coastal border crisis point, the left has made discussion of the opposite, left the memorial, said: "heavy Xinjiang, it had insurance in Mongolia; Paul Mongolia, it had health capital." Zuo Qing finally adopted the view that the so-called "plug both defense and coastal defense." Left also live up to expectations, successfully recovered Xinjiang, and therefore later than the tang rather than Li. But in Tso's glory behind, as well as Li's Mawei navy and has wiped out the northern naval shame, the so-called "plug both defense and coastal defense", is reflected in the number of levels, it is the tenth :1875-1884 years, the expedition and the plug 80 million for the two anti-military; 1875-1894 years, 20 years, raising total funds Haiphong two 42 million, of which more than half of the construction for the Navy, two of about 10 million used for other purposes by the Qing .

Hai Phong: origin of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan, they misread the anti-Japanese 1874, Japan signed the "Beijing special section", for Japanese withdrawal from Taiwan, the Li in a letter to the Shen Pao-chen's description of himself in such a state of anxiety for Haiphong: "Younger brother is still in early proposed, fan the victim Okinawans, non-Japanese, but also kill kill Jin consular case, the priest, the plot a little heavy, find it difficult to scale. Jinnai to pension costs on behalf of soldiers, too little damage state system, louder Bandits. If the soldier from the start or end of that, regardless of the outcome, coastal and riverside Mi Fei, Xi Chi tens of millions, as a mere back-gu, to stay its more than another preparation Haiphong, forbearance plans small angry little far, suppression is also the gentlemen concerned The heart tonight? to not bridge, and to still be chasing, like I monarch down from hardships, seek self-improvement strategy, not as the book goes before the Administration, something is urgent remedial plans, things still do play entertaining over the ears! " Japan in order to soldiers trend micro few dare to invade Taiwan, but this actually unable to force the Qing's tough response, apparently caused a huge impact on Li. Previously, Li and Japanese envoy that he had in the light of the negotiations before Yanagihara inadvertently reveal the power of their own guilty conscience Haiphong: "Today this way, the Chinese civil and military officials refused to accept that women and children are satisfied with the Chinese people more than 18 provinces, desperately fight, you villain few places in Japan, be able to support any. a real man always doing things above board, though military line deception, and the two military forces, the subject always first to say it, the so-called straight division is strong also. "- Yang Yang power, to bring more people to the point of scaring people, it is also a lot of money glory. Chinese invasion of Taiwan to the Japanese coastline, thousands of miles without Haiphong naked reality exposed. Participate in the discussion of Qing Hai Phong in 1875 minister of state is basically the Japanese are aware of the potential threat to China. For example, a core member of Yamen Wenxiang scholar, that the memorial to the court where the heads of Japan's defense as a priority, Wenxiang said: "Japan and Fujian and Zhejiang Yiwei navigable, Shidori used to go back on, This time retreat, that is, without the change, can not guarantee it will be no troubles, especially those who may be considered, he changed the country in recent years, the old system, a large loss of people. Rebel fan mob, once collapse, the coastal areas of the mouth, Jiji worrying. the next quarter of the Japanese patients, the lesson before the car. " Wenxiang point of view, it is 1875, "Coastal commentators" who recognize the paradox - Japan, China foreign aggression Wenxiang concerns, but to deny the success of the Meiji Restoration, and that it is the failure of reform will lead to a large number of Turkey mob in exile in Japan, leading to chaotic situation like the late Ming and Japanese reproduction. Wenxiang of this view than the exception. The former governor of Jiangsu Ting also Meiji Restoration in Japan held a negative attitude, in response Yamen on coastal and plug anti controversial letter, the Ding said, "Japan's more our rules, easily dressed" is a failure of the move, "as the know are stolen laugh also. " Jiangxi governor Liu Kun-yi will be compared to the Japanese monarch King Wuling of Zhao, called because of the reform "to make people smell their financial worries, death can be established," and therefore are very worried about Japan because of the implication of subjugation of the risk of China - "the first dog to recover from illness death, it is inevitable Stanford toxic to people. " Fujian Provincial Governor Wang Kaitai in to the court of the memorial where also rejected Japan's reforms: "the decree, to speak of the generals, specifically relies on China's copper business trade to good at economic rights since through the West country, the generals can not master their rights and interests of Westerners take away. Naifu reform the old chapter, from the Westerners. and materialistic exploitation of the poor can not support a few, so desperate, Xing-bing interference Taiwan. critics claims that civil strife will be, will ultimately be failure and destruction. " Among the various minister of state, only Li's view was more in line with the actual. Wenxiang memorial, Lee then also a memorial, memorial amended Wenxiang fallacy. Lee said: "The country in recent years to change the old system, fan against the people, Wen first visited quite a small bucket, peace and quiet for a long time also its change of dress, easy to our rules, each is ridiculed by those who know, and then change habits such as Western art of war, fake railway, train, purchase telegraph, coal iron ore, since the cast Yang Qian, on the livelihood of the nation is not without interest, and send more students to go to Western countries to study device arts, and more by foreign debt, with the Englishman dark gangs aid, its potential on sheets, which go rather small. dominated the lands east and therefore dare defy China, Taiwan has made the move glimpse. " Finally, Li concluded that: the West, although strong, is still seven miles away, near the wide door of an inner Japan, wait my actual situation, honesty is always the big concern for China. But unfortunately, this is not at the date of Li Qing top intellectuals and mainstream consensus, high-level view of the Qing court has as mentioned above, based on Japan's threat to deny the basis of its reform; as intellectual level, Chen Yuan's view is quite representative. In the "Japan in recent thing in mind", Chen Duiming governance reform has done so described: "To the person, the king change his two years in Japan, the country in seventy-two Island, the island is out of the princes of the main. Usurp the Emperor before the country spent their king, and cut the island's sovereignty. Island main suspect lost the handle, adherents of remembering build anger, often hope if anything happens, Cheng Xi Li from. He dusk come to their senses, yet complex Korea blame, change suits in the country, effectively made the West, book burning political reform. so inconvenience the whole country, everyone thought disorder. " Chen Yuan in Jiangsu and Zhejiang coast as early long-term magistrate, resign after traveling wide. Longitudinal case, continue to be confused with the Emperor and the shogunate, the Meiji Restoration as a mere change of government, and thus negated the reform of Japan's modernization. Established on the basis of this understanding of "coastal defense" theory, natural right direction, but too many of its meaning absurd.