1883 Annual Event: clean leaders in Shanxi province Zhang smoking

This year, foreign-profile Sino-French War presents a trend of expansion and persistence, late Qing bureaucracy within the group leader Zhang clean lines carried out in Shanxi anti-smoking campaign, to some extent obscured by the war out the. The new governor of Shanxi, in the face "almost no county without the" opium cultivation spread across the province, Shanxi, but issued a "ghost country" lament. Tragic a few years ago, "DE surprising shortage" of millions of people starved to death, Shanxi most affected, namely the spread of opium cultivation is one of the main, fully aware of the whole story of Zhang herein, the memorial to the court's worried about , laments: If smoking, another few years, Shanxi had completely finished. Therefore, in April this year, Zhang determined in Shanxi province to launch a vigorous anti-smoking campaign. The importance of this movement does not lie in its effectiveness - because it does not have any effect, as the following year, Zhang was transferred to the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, sport die a natural death - and is: The leader of the famous clean, strong anti-smoking person Soon after, the local opium cultivation has become a firm support of those. "The Times" China correspondent Morrison clearly a glimpse of this strange transformation Zhang: "All are opposed to the Governor in addition to foreign opium Zhang, Zhang, in theory opposed, but in fact not opposed to," Zhang himself is because smoking opium. In particular: his "Encouraging Learning" in eloquently opium and consequences; but in the memorial to the court described in strongly set up tax on the Westernization of the opium irreplaceable importance. Zhang is just a typical example. In order to Westernization and self-promotion at the expense of laissez-faire and even the local opium cultivation and marketing and distribution, and then get rich "opium tax", in fact, has become the consensus of the late Qing government and the public. Almost no one realized: This will definitely put national interests above the interests of the people's livelihood mindset, what would be produced in China since then adverse effects, causing what appalling tragedy in history.

Great victory: a complete victory over local opium opium imports Opium War in 1840 is the scourge of modern Chinese opium standardized description of the beginning. This standard describes the scourge of opium over-emphasized the nature of external aggression, and deliberately weaken or even obscured two important facts: First, as early as 1840, the Chinese mainland market, opium poppy cultivation and opium already forming, Yongzheng Emperor and have repeatedly issued the Edict of Emperor Jiaqing prohibited opium production and distribution; Second, after 1840, the opium scourge of physical and mental health of Chinese people, the vast majority of China's domestic production, imports a very small proportion of opium. Relatively large number of China's domestic production of opium, began in the 1830s. And the influx of foreign opium abusers on the public, the introduction of opium from India so people grow their own. First introduced in Yunnan, and then east all the way north, eventually throughout the country. 1830-1857 years, the Qing government adopted a policy of non-opium, opium cultivation at the cut, therefore, although growing, but the area is not wide. 1858, in order to raise the pay-insurgency, the Qing court to pay taxes on the import of opium, equivalent to legalize opium imports recognized, followed, local opium cultivation ban in name only, the local opium production and a significant increase. Many historical data under this straightforward account of changes - For example, the dynasty, was visiting Kunming, thus described the local poppy cultivation: "The south gate, bypassing the gold Mabi Place chicken, too welcome Grace Church, when the late spring weather, the poppy bloom, full of wild flowers, the present case of purity." At that time Yunnan province, about one-third of the arable land under opium poppy cultivation, opium has become the province's most important agricultural products. Another example is Guizhou, opium poppy cultivation is quite extensive, especially concentrated in the central and eastern Guizhou. Guizhou opium quality excellent, prices were not high, few to compete with foreign goods, come to buy an endless stream. Such as the open state, Wu Chuan and other places, according to local officials, is: "reclaimed land and a half kinds of foreign cigarettes ... ... check the types of tobacco for the recent minli bulk, has long habits, at first Nanjin leather." Sichuan opium poppy cultivation is from behind. 1883, Liu Fuling first pass, on the local scene over and over poppy "numerous aghast", in his diary, "Nameson mind" in this description: "here and Chungju, Fengdu begin with opium poppy for the tasks, gourd pea , vegetables, wheat, to the city he eup, so hard to find vegetable oil through the city, daily is tung oil, poppy oil are also. " It can be said of the 19th century, the sixties and seventies, opium poppy cultivation throughout the country, could not find a large number of poppy-free provinces of cultivation. North to Mongolia, Shaanxi and Gansu west, south Fujian and Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang prosperous east, the provinces a large number of land used to grow opium poppy Jie, many farmers and even become the main industry. Legge was a famous missionary by land travel from Beijing to Zhenjiang, seen along the way, "the land between the Yellow River and Yangtze River are covered with the poppy fields." Domestic expansion of opium poppy cultivation and opium improve the quality, a direct result of foreign imports and smuggling of opium decreasing to the 1880s, has already exceeded the number of domestic opium opium imports. According to statistics, by 1879, the country opium of self-sufficiency rate has reached 80.12%. To 1881, not only to stop all imports of Persian opium, and according to that the British consul in Shanghai, the country's trade report submitted to the said, "In Sichuan, Yunnan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Guizhou provinces, almost all were driven out of India's opium the market, now is simply no longer transported to the place where the consumption of all the Chinese and domestic supply of opium. " Chinese opium at an alarming rate, just over a year that is 1882, local opium has not only fully satisfy domestic needs, and can be exported. "Foreign opium, not only in West and Southwest, but also in coastal China is gradually giving way to opium, just like West into a large number of Myanmar's opium is the same, east of Taiwan and other islands now have access to some of its opium from the mainland for the product. " China will completely foreign opium opium out of China, appear to have only a matter of time. Nationalism: the late Qing government and support the local opium Quick access to the local opium decisive victory for the import of opium, and to the court on the late Qing high officials down to ordinary intellectual support for local opium cultivation are inextricably linked. It is their support of this attitude, for the local opium cultivation provides a living space - even though, the Qing court never explicitly stated legitimate local opium cultivation. First proposed to the local opium cultivation in order to survive, is not in favor of Lin's strict non-smoking initiatives Shaoqing Hsu Chang Temple is economic. In many seem, after all, could not help but opium, the hand is better to legalize the opium trade, so the government can profit from taxation, but also to develop a series of policy specification opium trade, for example, can only barter and non-officials smoking and so on. Xu is the economic official was later demoted from fourth grade for six ranking government officials, became a "traitor"; he resolutely opposed the smoking ban is because Lin won a national hero of the history tab. Things change, history is full of delight. In 1847, Lin has been transferred to Shaanxi governor's completely changed his "opium view" is anti-economic and Xu became the "illustrious." In reply to the Friends of the humanities in the sea, so Lin said: "Bi Yi Yi Yi planted poppy in the mainland do no harm, hate those who are addicted to the Mainland and not addicted to foreign soil smoke cigarettes." Lin appears at this time, If the local opium "is better than foreign traders", people naturally will be happy to buy their opium smoking, stop buying foreign cigarettes, and so, within a silver circulation only in the country, "such as human a blood poured, what obstacle can that be?" naturally mm no problem, Pa Zhipa, who used to smoke foreign cigarettes were not patriotic, support domestic products can not change his mind - "the first cigarette of the fear of such people who do not eat the inner ear yearned back!" Xu is the economy that year were unanimously reviled both inside and outside government and finally the infamous escape no escape, times have changed, but now it has made a non-smoking camp for Huang Huangran cautious not to speak. Smoking celebrities in the late Qing Xu Jue Zhao Xun to Hunan governor a letter that said: "Jue Shu Chen, please add two years to drug tax foreign soil, but dare not ban those words suddenly, because of the ban is made that the literal-minded Zhongjie map, potential will set the do not ask; still benefit financial statement plus tax, or use the said Ji. "- not easily reduced to smoking celebrities talk about smoking, or that have been ridiculed as the risk of being pedantic, showing the flow of wind to, quite mighty trend. With the local resistance to imported opium opium argument, in the late Qing government and has broad market. Yuan Yuan Baoheng assistant minister's uncle left the Board of Punishments, in the early years of the dynasty that had explicitly threatened to boycott a way to foster the local opium imported opium. He informed the Secretary General of Hart: He will work with others to protect their opium cultivation, until you can stop outsiders input opium, when the country can stop growing opium. This color with a strong nationalist "opium business war" concept, in 1894 by Cheng Kuan-ying out a clear summary extracted, Zheng concept should be considered, "Opium War" is the West "commercial war" in the first policy . Suggested the court "to make broad kinds Yantu relaxation" to the "opium war" - as early as 1862, Cheng Kuan-ying had already started to promote "arrived in foreign soil," recommends people eat their own opium, eat opium imports, and regarded as solid state Weimin way. 1872 founder of the "declaration", is also strongly advocated that the nature of nationalism, "opium traders war." June 28, 1873 published an article entitled "relaxation from the proposed ban on opium Yan Tu," the article strongly urge the Government to relax the ban on native opium control reasons: First, since people eating opium, relax on the native control of the opium ban, the government can tax a second can make tens of millions of taels of silver remain in the country, lest the loss; Second, strengthen the opium production methods improved, follow suit Indian way, to suit the tastes of domestic consumers, government not only a huge tax, farmers can increase their income; Third, by virtue of the sale price of opium increased taxation leaving the poor and the rich decreasing quit smoking, naturally can not help but eventually ban. True for the indigenous opium policy relaxation, is the Zhili Governor and Prime Minister Li Yamen. 1874, Li Yamen for the first time to the Qing court and that "kind of smoke Chi ban" idea, the proposed self-production of opium, in order to resist the import of opium. Although many were not in favor of Tai Chen, Dan Li for their extremely confident this proposal, in his view, the ban on domestic production of opium, but "only for the benefit Tau of the ocean drive, granted claims of the handle interference Xu Li" But foreigners are cheaper, easier Xu Li.

Opium Finance: For the sake of "national wealth" at the expense of "people strong." In the eyes of intellectuals, opium imports over domestic opium is made nationalism a great victory. But most officials within the court's eyes, the purpose of fostering domestic opium, it is in order to obtain reliable and substantial revenue. In the middle of intellectuals, smoking is a politically correct, nationalism is a politically correct, but the latter than the former, so you can sacrifice the former to the latter; the bureaucracy within the system, smoking is also a politically correct , the state also is a political self-correct, the latter than the former, therefore, can also be at the expense of the former to the latter. This became the late Qing Dynasty to the court on, down to the local prefecture flood of opium finances the "theory of root causes." As superficial, central and local levels of government has always claimed that tax is only a means of opium, smoking is the ultimate goal, but "to sign the ban," "prohibitive." But the fact is: smoking nothing but a smokescreen, is the purpose of taxation. In 1877, the British minister in two memorials connected Guo Songtao, request the court presided over smoking, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Liu Kun-yi in a private letter, commented on the recommendations of Guo Songtao: "Smoking's assistant minister Guo Yun Sin Yee, Wan could not do, namely Guangdong in terms of the Customs departments of the tax year the PCT received about a million foreign drug and strange, Ju taxes are determined both by the smoking remains of the reason! The large sums of money as aid to Beijing, where co-rates and all the various needs come try Mifeng? ... ... care honestly bluntly, will touch taboo, stay home as proposed, no further information to the court. " Liu Kun-yi said very frankly: Guangdong, not smoking, because of the importance of opium finance is irreplaceable. Guo Songtao's memorial for the treatment, can only be set aside are not discussed, because a discussion, we must involve the issue of smoking in this politically correct, but once the smoking ban would jeopardize the establishment of encouraging local opium poppy cultivation on the basis of financial . Therefore, the "suspension set discussion" is the best approach - because the court had to reach up and down the financial understanding of opium, the so-called suspension, that is, refused to discuss, "no further information to the court." Late Qing celebrities Ho Kai and Hu Li Yuan had a similar statement: "This year China are worried by financial use, and determining tax income to opium for the bulk. Foreign drug imports determining tax 6.002 million, earth medicine determining tax names, although two hundred and twenty ten thousand two, and indeed two thousand million ounces. is earth medicine and Western medicine combined total annual value of two thousand six hundred two hundred million The State of the benefits depends on this, the officials of the swap in this, if the house is no way to remedy this so-smoking act, also in recent years, silent silent. " Republican scholars in Ende the author of "History of Chinese smoking law changes," a book on the late Qing Dynasty opium financial hole if the concept of fire: "covered court was well aware of the annual opium Chi Jin received large sums of money, but also coincided with voluminous Xukuan military moves will ensure that, he decided to relaxation of the ban on openly taxed opium, but the ban on two fundamentally incompatible with the Chi Jin, both Chi Jin's ban is the main policy, must not be side by side, while the 'prohibitive' of the policy, simply double-talk are real also. because once addicted smokers, non-Gou forced to impose the pressure, not easy to quit, although the bankrupt sold his wife vend female, and can not smoke opium. it 'prohibitive' policy was implemented, the results, only to smoking As for those who speed 'home defeat and death of people' of the point of it. condition called 'prohibitive' of the subject, is that 'sign', is not 'ban' a result of such policies hinder the success of the anti as smoking, due to the Government rely for the Li Yuen, and also refused to give up since opium Chi Jin, the majority of people caught in the poison of evil, not only lends strength weakness, the country's potential and weak owing. " According to historical records and related statistics, the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government's fiscal revenue of 100 million over two point Guangxu's total fiscal revenue 150 million at best two, Guangxu 34 years of central government revenue increased to 2.4191 billion over two. The Guangxu of the drug tax foreign soil total of 22,610,478 two determining income, Guangxu 32 years drug tax foreign soil determined the total number of 23,507,550 income two, thirty-three years of Guangxu drug foreign soil for the 20,204,236 total tax revenue determined two. In other words, opium tax revenue in the central government to maintain a minimum ratio of 10% or more - if you take into account the complete control of the central government is only determined the tax levy import opium, opium in the local tax levy has been determined failed to overcome the local government, which in turn occupy the entire opium market dominance of the absolute, then this 10% is obviously a serious shrinking of the. Early 20th century, the Qing court forced internal and external pressures, began smoking. Provinces, then the local financial revenue and expenditure pain appear seriously out of line. For example, in November 1909 Shanxi governor Zoucheng: "money into the province, from offering tax system, determining a drug arrest short silver three hundred thousand, to ban this year, species, the more determined to be received tax free. Growing out of money money transfer by infiltration, loss of 36 years silver has 700,000 loss to the thirty-four years to millions of additional recognized this year and offer funding for the Navy, one hundred and fifty thousand a year promised solution of silver, annual funding for fifty thousand, the province Chamber and the Conference Board funds a total of about one hundred and two thousand, as of year-end bank account deficit to be 1.4 million. "- complained to the central Shanxi Province, but the central and there is no money, because so many years, has been central is also dependent on opium fiscal live.

1882 annual events: the United States through the "Chinese Exclusion Act."

This year, the U.S. Congress accepted the Republican Senator John Miller (John F. Miller) submitted to the Chinese Exclusion Act, for which the U.S. Congress made a fierce debate. Exclusion of those claims was based primarily on: the Chinese have a lot of bad habits and prejudices, not in the life of the United States, but can not accept the United States built on the basis of Christian ethical and moral standards; and the influx of Chinese laborers, resulting in American workers fight for a job with the tense situation. Exclusion of those opposed to reason is: contrary to the US-Chinese "Burlingame Treaty" in the liberal immigration policies, and contrary to the United Republic of "freedom, equality," the founding principles. Finally, row Huazhu Yi won the congressional majority support. May 6, 1882, the U.S. Congress passed a limited ban on U.S. history, the first immigration bill --- "On the implementation of various provisions of the relevant Chinese laws and treaties," that is often called the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Herein the most noteworthy, is the cultural background of this bill by: Darwin's theory of evolution is the Western intellectual earthquakes, invaded the field of sociology from the field of biology, worship and racism law of the jungle along with the rise of social Darwinism. Exclusion on the Yellow Peril since evolved into the theory of social Darwinism is completely changed the trajectory of the transformation of modern Chinese society.

Congress Survey: Chinese people can not afford to establish a free system of government U.S. 1870s anti-Chinese unrest emerged, and its development is closely related to the West Coast. The influx of Chinese laborers contributed to the development of western development and prosperity of the United States, while its low-cost competitive employment for workers in the United States poses a threat. And track the evolution of all the clash of civilizations, like the anti-Chinese economic culture eventually evolved into anti-Chinese. In view of the intensified anti-Chinese wave, July 1876, the U.S. federal House and Senate passed a resolution, respectively, established a Joint Special Committee on Chinese immigration to the West Coast to investigate. The Commission has listened to more than 100 witnesses on Chinese immigration issues. These witness statements together into one long last more than twelve hundred pages of "investigation of Chinese immigration Joint Special Committee's report." The following excerpts are some witness statements, from which a civilization is not difficult to get a glimpse of a civilization on another Pride and Prejudice. [A · B · Stout: To maintain the purity and superiority of our race, we must enact laws to prohibit Chinese immigration] A · B · Stout is a doctor, a race he considers the promotion of physical and mental health of both sides of a qualified doctor is the lofty duty, so he "intends to promote the degradation of a variety of reasons the U.S. nation to conduct a study." Stout in reference to a number of "authority" of the book, the conclusion is: "The Caucasian race (including its various types) be vested with all the other races beyond the most noble and most beautiful body soul and it topped all other races on the observation of life in the wilderness it by the Creator assigned to control the destiny of mankind, God grant it more than all the other powers of the various races to study, appreciate, and the rule of God on earth did. other existing races with it the establishment of any new combination can not improve This heaven-sent perfect quality. regardless of which race to join into it, since it would undermine the role of degradation and its final demise in the end will be in conjunction with the introduction of harmful ingredients in direct proportion to the speed of it inside. " "A government is to protect its people, we should strive to save the purity of race; Also, do not ask how political theory, should beware of their own race inferior to the same type of mixed race." "I think by now these Chinese immigrants carried on the controversy caused by said to the Supreme Court has ruled that laws against Chinese immigrants was unconstitutional. I am not versed in legal knowledge, so I do not oppose the Supreme Court the wisdom of the constitutional ruling, but from a physiological point of view, the problem has yet to be controversial. The first law of nature is to keep the race pure - if the race is superior than all other races are the words. self-defense requires the development of the first protection of the Act. " "If the people of the world for the U.S. presence in eastern and southern states blacks and lament, then, when the great Western United States for many years by the Chinese immigrants drowned when the tears that how should we do? Once allowed, it must always endure. Degradation Shi once started, its development will continue to play it unknowingly toxic effects, not only within a few years, but in the next several centuries. now laws, not so much for our own , as it is for future generations! into the future, future generations because of their purity and to celebrate their ancestors, or because they are degraded into the curse of their ancestors. " "All the laws of large free use of these laws are designed for the race developed. To prevent inferior races enjoy these laws, not oppression, we intermarried with the Europeans, it was just the type of breeding our own Caucasus; us with East Asia were mixed, that is the creation of degradation half-breed. " "Some people argue that, when we are demanding free access to China, when dealing with freedom of the Chinese people, Chinese people just asked us to open our door to freedom, and adopted them as our own people, this argument is unfounded the Chinese people will happily request the Americans moved into their country to go, because each combination can improve and enhance their weakness of that race; the contrary, each with a Chinese man in our land permanently settle down, will reduce our own blood. " "This raised a number of issues is appropriate. This Asian customers in our state which should be What kind of position? They are willing to come for our country, our country's point of view should be taken from the What do you think? In each of our generous citizens before, they should do what emerged? right answer is: they should be seen as occupying foreign guests and guests is a holy name. generous master should give them a happy and rich hospitality. " [Frank · M · Pixley: contacts with the Chinese people, will our civilization down to their level] Frank · M · Pixley is the representative of San Francisco. The following excerpt is its San Francisco and maintain the interests of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association Chinese spokesmen F · A · Bee and responsible for the survey of the Joint Special Committee Q & A between members. F · A · Bee (Chinese Association spokesman) Q: It is not someone accused you? - That you published a speech here, in the speech you think people should set fire to the pier on the Pacific cruise ship company. Pick-Oxley A: About fifteen years ago, and once these barbarians invade our country in the West Coast about the issue, I have said, if not by any other means to obstructing the Chinese people ... ... not as good as the opening from China to the ship at the pier burned good. Until now I never changed that opinion, I very much doubt today, fifteen years ago if you do it, it is not so civilized community and our legislators so shocked that they would have to consider this things, from the early Chinese immigrants will save us out. Q: As a working-class, how their personality like? A: They are patient, diligent, and hard work of the slaves, because both fear and respect for our laws, in order to maintain their own lives and forced labor. Q: From a social aspect that they are not a race to be good than the African race? A: No, sir. They are not good compared with the African race. In my opinion, if they are created by God to be inferior to any race. Cooper (Joint Special Committee) Q: As far as I know, you just said, the Chinese people of all created in God's wisdom is the most inferior animals? A: In my opinion, no one so poor as China has. In some areas of Africa, is relatively low standard of intelligence, but a relatively high standard of morality, that is, they are more honest. These people have reached the culmination of four thousand years of sin, to a civilization - a civilization is due to overpopulation produced - the culmination of evil. For example, why we all cherish their own girls, and they kill girls? Because their girls too much, can not afford to feed. Q: As a nation, they have more than Africans, and a better civilization is it? They both had the same opportunity, the same freedom to build a civilization. A: ... so they have created, a civilization, I just think that if they did not like Africa as civilization, and that even better. Q: They have art, science, and their unique literature? A: They have their Chinese literature, this literature, as you see something published here, as is the teaching of Confucius and Mencius made. B · S · Brooks (on behalf of the interests of the Chinese people to attend the Joint Special Committee) Q: You do not think that will make them with white contact with both (Chinese and Africans) among one or both has been progress it has A: I do think that our civilization has 40 million people of Chinese civilization with 400 million people contacts, make them progress. I think that our civilization will be reduced to their level, not to improve our civilization, but to improve their civilization, and this is the danger. Q: then, you are the strength of our civilization, not much confidence? A: Yes, we got great achievements of civilization. It may also gain greater achievements; but there are certain things it can accomplish. It can not be completed or the Chinese civilization of Christianity. Q: Do you think they are in the forces of our civilization or force outside of it? A: Yes, they simply put their own ideas of a fixed. Centuries long to convince them that their civilization than our civilization better, higher, we are barbarians, is inferior people. You should go to Rose hit a kind of their minds, deep-rooted prejudices, I said, it is four thousand years of evolution. Q: Are you afraid of error against the truth? Do not you think that when an error in contact with the truth, the truth will eventually win it? A: The truth go forward so slowly, the error go so fast, so we can not wait. [James · P · Dameron: Chinese human brain capacity is too small to establish a free and civilized form of government] James · P · Dameron is a lawyer, and called themselves "how much is a naturalist and ethnographer." Based on this knowledge structure, the theoretical basis for its anti-Chinese racism with a strong color: "Mongolian race has a history of mildew was a long time, this historical assertion that they have five thousand years of civilization, there are signs the letter and history can be traced back to Moses and the Israelites out of Egypt to create the world of the times - it shows that even in Egypt Civilization is coming from them; they break the Greeks when the walls of Troy is a great, civilized a nation; their great philosopher Confucius, in the five hundred and fifty years before the birth of Christ, the Soviet Union Glasgow at the end of eighty years before the birth of a book on writing by (Book), their rich variety of literature is said to be written with verse and prose writings: ethics, history, geography, travel, drama, legend, story and Gezhong novel; their Government monarchy, based on educational qualifications by employers, the form is somewhat more complicated, however, withstood the time of destruction. a great political writer, said: 'the most long-term maintenance of government is the best the government. "If this principle is true, then, then, their government is the best government, because it has experienced all kinds of Indo-Germanic nations rise and fall of the great rise and fall while standing still not moving, when the Anglo-Saxon family also Mercedes-Benz in Germany, jungle, or a group of indigenous savages in England, when it has reached its greatest peak. " "However, at that time, the Mongoloid has not made an effort to transform itself from tyranny and oppression liberation and the establishment of free government on the other hand, white people have drowned in a pool of blood in the European, lit free flame, but in the meantime, they are still in quiet obedience to the rule of the Han Chinese or Tartars. keep their braids as they obey and degradation markers, follows the deep-rooted tradition and practice of their ancestors, to abstinence doctrine of indifferent attitude towards all the desires and the environment, in order to be able to get enough stuff to satisfy their body's urgent need to break their no interest in the outside world, do not care about the outside world war, progress, literature and the the world's struggle for freedom; they make their own complacency and indulge in the old tradition, outside of this state of China's all people are seen as barbarians. " ... ... "Learned ethnologists such as Nott, Gliddon, and Morton are that: any race, if their average brain capacity of not more than eighty-five cubic inches, there is no ability to establish a free government; in their history has not been examples of attempts to establish such a regime; Chinese and Afro-American, the average brain capacity of about eighty-one to eighty-three cubic inches, while India a Germanic tribe, the average brain capacity up to ninety-two grass ninety-six cubic inches, a Some people even up to one hundred twenty-five cubic inches. " "As the Chinese people for thousands of years ago in the brain capacity has reached the highest point, so they will be planted as part of Mongolia, Indian, would rather be destroyed, nor change their lifestyles, the use of Western civilization because of their brain terms of capacity is a poor race than white, so let them maintain their original appearance, away with them to encourage trade and friendly relations may be better; because of their own country has a deep and sincere love, so let them remain in their original place as well, this is because they are white, compared with an inferior race, is a different type, different civilizations of the race, because the two races can not live together under conditions of equality Erbu mixed up, because nature has been laid in color and smell of its mark. "

Response to the East: Japan and China's pessimistic false 1876 ​​The Pride and Prejudice, in fact, Darwin's "evolution" from biology into sociological results. Social Darwinism in 1882 led the U.S. "Chinese Exclusion Act"; ten years later, it became swamped the western world's "Yellow Peril" theory theory basis - 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II made public "Yellow Peril" concept, and to make court painter produced the "Yellow Peril" posters, and widely disseminated. Since then, the "yellow peril theory" wanton spread, so far no interest. As was accused party, in the Eastern world is overwhelming, "Yellow Peril" theory long lost its way, in old age the transition process, paid a heavy price - even the Japanese invasion of China from the Boxer which, can be found. " Yellow Peril "theory play a role in the shadow. 1882 China did not "Chinese Exclusion Act," to show anger in particular, if the matter had nothing to do. Exotic is brewing in the East Empire reshape the image of a cultural movement, is portrayed as the object itself is autistic and retarded and no sense, in any case this is a tragedy. More tragic is: when finally surging into the East on the Yellow Peril, intellectual resistance to the East (mainly refers to China and Japan), went so far as to seek the support of the theory of social Darwinism - which is not even a tragedy, but absurd. [Japanese intellectuals: the Japanese species of the West, and does not belong to yellow] "Yellow Peril" theory of the mainstay of China. Since the 1860s, up to Jiawu before the Western "yellow peril theory" mostly against China. Jiawu naval victory over Japan in China, then went on to win the Russo-Japanese War, Japan in the West "yellow peril theory" against rapidly. In 1913, Japanese scholars Kuwabara stallion possession that such a statement: "Yellow Peril on the Russo-Japanese War has gradually become a global issue. Some have argued that Japan is the center of the Yellow Peril, it was argued that China is the center of the Yellow Peril." As a counterattack, Japanese intellectuals in Western countries focus question "Who is threatening whom," it resembles the move "human equality" moral weapons. But the most striking, is that some Japanese scholars deny that the Japanese race are yellow, hoping thus to get rid of the "yellow peril theory." And Yukichi Fukuzawa and said scholars Taguchi d guitar is the most typical representatives, with the "Japanese race" theory, "the study of the Japanese race" and "Yellow Peril breaking theory" and other works, tried to deny that Japan is in Asia yellow. In the "Japanese race theory," an article, Taguchi Ji Mao said: "I said that the Japanese race is Mongoloid yellow race of one, and the Chinese people the same", "is the follow the Europeans who settle down lightly kinds of classification ", which, Taguchi said," tolerated. " Taguchi believes that "the difference I of the Japanese race and the Chinese race," There are two main points: First, the "syntax is completely different"; second is the "face." He said: "I have forces on the ethnic community is not only pure blood, and the same day and their civilization in the fine into its most obvious is that white and smooth skin of Chinese people who, though not polar white, but delicate texture as usual were given the so-called invisible silk skin. this point shows that not only race I race better than China, and better than the Aryan race. Aryan boast white, but its hairy and rough skin, silk skin, not by a so-called . and its so-called white is Chibai, compared with the Japanese species of white plainer. I state this person's appearance can prove superior. "At this point, Taguchi emphasis the Japanese race does not belong to the yellow race, higher than the Chinese race and even higher than the idea of ​​"Yellow Peril" theory of the Aryan race. In the "study of the Japanese race," an article, Taguchi Ji Mao's view is more radical: "The Europeans are saying today orchid safe race and they now claim to be Aryan race, called the sentence of our orchid safety, only can be said to snatch our ancestors, and denounce our race. " In the "broken yellow peril theory" article, Taguchi believes that Western countries will Japan as the "Yellow Peril" theory of the center is the starting point of the error: "Japanese people and Chinese people of different kinds, and India, Persia, Greece, the Latin equivalent species, so to I can see, the Yellow Peril on the foundation that is wrong, such as the Japanese were the same as with the Chinese that the yellow race, ie the facts wrong, so the Yellow Peril on the root of the rumors completely. "" I do not doubt As the body of the Japanese race is an excellent race day race Sun. How this race came down from heaven in the end, it is the history of the doubt, but as inferred from the words of the language syntax, and it is Sanskrit and Persian so the same race. whether it is called the Aryan language family linguistics, Xu said the matter is not. " [Chinese intellectuals: Liang pessimistic claim that "human history but the history of race out of the competition."] Although the "yellow peril theory" aimed primarily at China, but Chinese intellectuals of the "Yellow Peril" theory of perception rather than the more sluggish in Japan. 1882 "Exclusion Act" behind, has hidden the "Yellow Peril" theory of the shadow, Chinese intellectuals did not mention this term; 1895 on the eve of Japanese intellectuals have begun to understand the use of "yellow peril theory" to discredit China, period Ji in exchange for the goodwill of Western countries - such as bamboo and Saburo, in his book the more "Shina" theory in the provision of a single, named "China's ethnic aggression the world", strongly echoing the Western world to promote the "Yellow Peril in China." In this regard, Chinese intellectuals are still numb. The earliest of the "yellow peril theory" to respond and have a huge social impact, should be Liang. The social transformation of modern China's most important ideological resource provider with the "public sphere" of enormous influence, struggling to bridge the "yellow peril theory" and Social Darwinism bring people their negative emotions. In the context of Western intellectuals, the "Yellow Peril" means brutal and savage, and its essence is the antithesis of civilization, China placed its theoretical basis, it is one of the core social Darwinism of racism. Liang always adhere to the Chinese people and Westerners no difference, but the reality is that the West defeated the Chinese people's doors, so Liang had to admit the existence of a brutal China - such as foot-binding; the same time so relieved he is relieved people : British Victorian waist and foot-binding as barbaric. Liang tried to digestion in two ways, "Yellow Peril" theory: First, the savage does not mean stupid, does not mean that the intellectual inferior, that is, Liang does not recognize China as the West race the white race; second reason for China savage, because the evolution of Chinese society is still being, but also have the ability to evolve into Chinese society and Western civilization, the same level even more, one of the key lies in education and institutions; advanced education can be enlightening; system is good or bad determine good and evil of human nature. For ordinary citizens, these statements clearly Liang too abstract, and they are more willing to re-obtain a vivid case in which self-confidence. "Public sphere," the editors are also very happy to meet this demand of people, for example, they translated a Japanese paper "On the cunning nature Russians", about the Russians described as "those who do not know why the matter of civilization," the savage race; another The same article translated from Japanese paper, "a doctor on the brain" to bring even more exciting news: "Mortal bones hypertrophy, the brain must be small. ... ... Extremely high and the brain very spiritual person who is very rare. Bismarck one also." Obviously, this "strong" hit back at the West on China's weak human brain capacity is too small to create free form of government rumors. For Liang, this illusory self-confidence is not valid. More than once he sadly admitted: Only Europeans are eligible to be called "the history of race," "Teutonic unique in the history of the real masters are also present." Therefore, with such a question and answer: "History are what?" "The classification of race it developed to compete with." In between this question and answer, history has quietly into the wrong road.

1881 Annual Event: court decreed the middle of America recalled children

August 1872, the first batch of 30 children leave for the United States by boat from Shanghai. The subsequent three years, 1873,1874,1875 each batch of each, a total of 120 children (aged between 10-16 years old) to the United States to study. Study was limited to 15 years, plus 2 years experience of traveling to school, plus the line of the former prep school in Shanghai Yi Wen Chinese and Western learning for one year, a total of nearly 20 years. Known as "Late children in America program." Plan the most powerful promoter of Li has so expressed its purpose: "seeking foreigners good at the skills, and self-improvement plans for China." Although the start at the beginning, Li bull by the horns and be repeated Speaking of rumors, no plans to make abortion, but in the end, he failed to adhere to in the end. Along with Li on the progress of the program's disappointed young children living in America, June 28, 1881, Yamen note was educated in the United States Bureau of young children go abroad, so that all teachers and students returned to China as soon as possible. Three batches of young children being left in America, returned to China in fall 1881. At this point, began in 1872, after 10 years of China's first official school students failed. Study was proposed to promote education to enlightenment as the cause of his life bitter Yung Wing: "lifelong volunteer, both horizontal destroyed ... ... feel a disheartened, no-apathy." Later, he met Li in Tianjin, severely criticized the veteran foreign affairs did not try to preserve the cause. However, Yung Wing do not know is that Li is the withdrawal of the strong advocates of children living in America - 1881 years, no less than the pain inside Li Yung Wing: Carpenter want to shed the old paste and clear a large number of Western technological civilization Youth paste shed Carpenter; However, children who received education in the United States, but obviously they train into the old system to the grave-diggers. Plan for the children of America make every effort to top the nearly 10 years of government and public pressure to Li, this is what kind of feel then? In his silence on the decree of Yamen retracement of the moment, that more than a hundred children in America has become the eyes of the whole country scholar unforgivable "prisoners of conscience."

Yung Wing's vision: to create new citizens to open a new era Type of pain] [Lu Xun In 1847, less than 19-year-old Yung Wing, across the ocean to the other side of the United States. Several years later, Jiuli European and American, he describes himself to be so after the pain of a new era of enlightenment: "When they fail to period, China's corruption case, when the touch to the heart, particularly while chasing Dynasty Each bearing in mind, whom the unhappy Noir, is willing to turn from the good education is more. Cover is well received by education, is ideal for both high heart, but also wide range of moral, then felt this heavy body load, if there is no knowledge age, the transfer does not feel well. read more Chinese nationals, sustained untold suffering, endless repression, this pain and repression, in the uneducated person he is also no sense to switch, I do not know it as the beginning of the suffering and repression also. so I Chang Wei knowledge of the higher benefit, pain will rise, and happy little benefit. On the contrary, the more non-knowledge, is less painful, and happy is the more. happiness and knowledge, is useless as a natural almost inverse proportion. " This pain, Lu Xun once described - "If an iron house, is no destruction of the windows and behind them, there are many people sleeping, and soon have died of suffocation, but from the lethargy into Simie, and do not feel the sorrow of death and now a lot of noises you up, startled a few people more sober, so that the unfortunate few who come to the sufferings of death by irreversible, but you had thought worthy of them? " Pain is the same, actually almost the same choice. Lu Xun continued: "However, since a few people up, you can not say absolutely no hope of destroying the iron house." "Yes, although I am sure my own, but said that he hoped, but it is not denied, because the hope lies in the future ... " Yung Wing also believe that "hope is the future": "In to the individual concerned, in particular, should keep this pessimistic. ... ... Both the self-proclaimed as educated person, then when Rixi Figure D, to be seen what they have learned to Jisheng Ping utility. ... I think that to the one intended, both education by this civilization, when the person after I also enjoy the same interests.'s Western academic, taught in China, so China's growing prosperity in the realm of civilization. " [To change China's not a religion, but education] Yung Wing was poor, dependent on the parties in the United States funded studies, most of these subsidize religion-related. His high school - Mengsong school board had to return home as missionaries to send him to university funding as a prerequisite. However, Yung Wing view, religion "is not necessarily unique in the industry for the benefit of China," Chinese Su-no religious tradition of Western civilization's basic - in fact Christianity and Chinese culture has never been fully integrated, integrated Chinese secular society is still traditional Confucianism. Refused to return to being a missionary is expensive. Yung Wing, as familiar with the Rev. Joseph · H · Twichell said: "(Yung Wing) to determine their own missionaries is not the best when he vaguely guess waiting for him to do some other things that he fully realized that this was a costly decision, a decision contrary to his views and the majority of people around desire the same time, due to this decision, he make a clean break with those sources of charitable funds, no money income. " Have a long career overseas Yung Wing became a thoroughly American, he has U.S. citizenship, and almost forgot how to speak Mandarin. In his autobiography he said: "My patriotism and love of fellow who does not decay; the contrary, these are as compassionate and strengthened, so painstaking to complete ... I plan to send students: this is My eternal love for the performance of China, but also I think that the reform and revitalization of the most practical way to China. " 1870, Tseng, Ting went to Tianjin for granted for so "the Tianjin Massacre," Yung Wing is also involved as a translator. Ting very good relationship with Yung Wing, by its urging, Zeng revert to "study plan", and finally the agreed, together with Li had promised the title into the ensemble. Yung Wing Ting middle of the night wake up this news, "is happy and insomnia, Jing Ye opening the eyes, such as Nighthawk, feel smug this body, such as Gun step is true, forget it for the deadlock between the HDT." Later, that Section 1872 depart the United States government sent a group of students. [Reform of the old world top priority is to reform the old culture] Tseng Yung Wing is not clear about expatriate students strongly contributed to the real intention. The traditional Confucian culture, "Saint and Emperor" to the highest level of the backbone of the Qing empire, hopes to send students to learn first-hand the power technology in Western countries. Zeng Qing Empire, hoping to revive the glory and the Confucian orthodoxy; Yung Wing, however, want to transform old oriental culture, create a new "Young China": "However, the results for the education program was implemented by the Western civilization in order to improve the academic culture of the Orient, will enable the old empire, a change for the young new China." Presence or absence of the Qing court, the abolition of the Confucian ideology, this has never considered not within the Yung Wing. In 1855, he was born in Guangzhou of Guangdong and Guangxi witnessed Confucianism Governor Ye Chen massacre of extreme cruelty when the people of Guangzhou - That summer, the Chin dynasty, fifteen years, seventy thousand breath to kill five thousand people, most of which were nothing with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Yung Wing personally visit the execution ground, see shocking: "the execution ground all around two thousand yards or less, bad air, such as smog. The numerous of the morgue, the latest person has been exposed to two or three days. On the ground of the earth, blood-sucking both full, are as fine color. PCCW over the blood and into the dirt sinks to the pool. the germ of the air filled with useless words can not describe. " Traditional culture and modern civilization, not birth. Yung Wing, later commented: "good and bad like this, regardless of the killing, not just in this century, nothing can compare with that old time the king of the Nile brutal, and tragic era of the French Revolution, killing as many as there is no case." Visit Taiping and pessimistic about their future after Yung Wing once again talking about his lack of hope for the Qing court: "(the rise of the Taiping) real root of the evil Manchu government in the political types, the largest of corruption because the executive is really , the government in order to bribe into up and down officials, that no one not in the bribery of the drug. ... officials who only wishes to eat their greed bag, then on to fool the people of conflict. so-called government who is completely into one of the great fraud authorities carry on. " Yung Wing in view, the Government has been "completely into a great body of the fraud," cultural backwardness is a very important factor, "China is simply the old world, officialdom Hilltop, Lai stereotyped as a stepping stone." Reform of the old world of top priority, that reform of the old culture. Committed to study education, Yung Wing, the old culture, it seems it is a shortcut to the reform: "I intended future popularity of Chinese education, civil rights for all salt solutions, the meaning of private rights, Er Shi no person has dared to violations of their rights who must have courage and boldness from the self-defense carry on! "

Li's dream: a new generation of paste shed Carpenter [Ch'en Lan-pin proposed to withdraw the children living in America] Guangxu six years (1880) November, the Qing court promulgated the Edict, Speaking of the cause of dissatisfaction for young children living in America, said: "Some people played, Min, Yang Councils recent breakdowns in students going abroad ... ... more into Jesus' teaching, Huang, deputy translated into the dark lure students to teach, with a total office area less than ten days surname Bureau, and students have no control, and abandoned the business, etc. language. the court at heavy public funds, the establishment of ship Council, and sent tubes with children overseas, making the original period of strong ship fit fine, achievements talent to benefit practical. If, as played by the drawbacks, is still complex as anything for the body! " And February, Ch'en Lan-pin back-outs, children living in America described the "status quo", and proposed to withdraw the children in America: "November last year, Wu Jiashan Special to the Washington area, said ocean customs abuses fold, the students less abdominal Confucian books, virtue is not strong, yet research skills he is really easy to stick their bad habits, even trying to straighten out, Yijue prevention difficult week, Council should urgently be abolished, but the abolition of many people, but also consider those who are unwilling to return to China, half-way escape, Do not be Robinson minor and other remarks ... ... Bureau of stolen Victoria Ying Wu Jiashan body works, both this proposal, for fear in the future more harm than good. " Court will be played back by the Prime Minister Ch'en Lan-pin Yamen discussion. The latter is directly responsible for this study instead seek the cause of the Northern Minister Li's comments - when the advocate who led the transaction, Tseng Kuo-fan has died, Ting home to recuperate, but Li has been trying to support. Thus, Li's views on whether children in America has become the decisive factor should be withdrawn. [Li has no intention to actively preserve the children living in America] Li Yamen replied then, opinions are "semi-withdrawal half-left", you agree to the abolition of children in America is responsible for matters of specialized agencies "in foreign graduated from Council", and some students to withdraw the country, the rest is soon to enter college students by the Embassy took the management, so wait until after graduation to return home. In order to convince the court agreed to withdraw half of a half left, Lee's letter also referred to former U.S. President U.S. Grant and several university presidents on the matter of attitude: "that the students are quite self-improvement, dropping out halfway through the special is a pity, and undermine the United States face . " But on the whole, Li's attitude is negative. Ch'en Lan-pin and other literati of their objections, Lee basically have recognized - for example, Ch'en Lan-pin blame America Western emphasis on children abandoned school, Li said he was clearly inside story: "Wani years, I have proposed a pure Fu (Yung Wing) emphasis on Western, caused by secondary school children were out of practice, Hong Zhang admonishing try blending the book, is nothing more than to be three. " Lee more, children in the struggle retracement of the program - "Pure Fu (Yung Wing) long tube of this Board to that dignity at stake, its reluctance to be abolished, since the care, the sub-register and then read the letter addressed , there are scores was abolished, says that can not be alien to those who are still not. " Li received the reply, the Prime Minister bureaucratic decision making, memorialized the court requests that all children in America one withdrawn. Memorial, said: "Since the foreign minister of South Tongzhi years played by the regulations established, the selection of children who go abroad in the qualification Jiao, go to school, to prepare different materials into the day with ... ... Ju raw material falling into harm, nominal ... ... Chendeng that , and its gradual withdrawal also, Morrow takes the line to stop, more straightforward, the corresponding foreign ministers north and south under your ordered, while employing the occasion of the Board, will be transferred back to the students going abroad. " Li such a negative attitude is clearly Yamen decided to withdraw the main reason young children in America. For a long time, is Li's alone in the success of this cause - children in America regarding the initiative at the beginning, Tseng Kuo-fan just petitioned to the court when passing other matters raised in this proposal is then sent a letter to Zeng Li , strongly urged him to issue a special memorial, "is not expected to be off the subject of waste"; 1874, America sent the third batch of children, the move towards the cost of much dissatisfaction with the literati, advocates no longer sent, the last resisting Li pressure; 1877, U.S. prices rose, young children living in America set aside the request to add funding for the memorial Li, stand firm, "has this talented, self-improvement plans gradually to design, a great relationship ... ... but unfortunately the cost is absolutely no suspension of the truth" ... ... Now, even Li has become so negative, Yamen choose to withdraw all young children, is also very natural. [No addicted, hopeless empire "cultural center concept."] Li attitude change began in 1879. This year, responsible for the affairs of two young children in America do have the total return from them, Li was informed of the direction in the development of young children who had problems - due to the connivance of Yung Wing, "The Apprentice abandoned high school" serious. May 1880, Li wrote to Ch'en Lan-pin, specifically about how to correct this problem. In the letter, Li Yung Wing required specifically to deal with foreign science, not blending young secondary education. Li hoped that both children were able to learn Western science and technology to meet the Westernization of use, while not abandoned the traditional Confucian education; in Li's view, children who must adhere to the "School for the body, Western learning for use, can be neglected "Otherwise, even if the foreign school repair, no matter how, the state did not benefit. On this point, tailor-made "children traveling abroad and graduated from matters off," there are clearly defined: "After going abroad, Yi is still learning and speaking Western secondary schools, lessons in Book of Filial Piety, primary schools, the Five Classics and the country towards the statutes and other books, with the capital to compete with, step by step; whenever rooms, virtual, Pleiades, stars and other Japanese, and deputy members pass set of children, teach-in "Sheng Yu Guang training", to show the meaning of the pro-Zunjun, Shu is not confined to different school. " The purpose, Li had it quite clear: "China's civil and military system, everything is far above a foreigner, alone and firearms must not do." "After a little country, a whole, there are partial side, there are at the end of this, "Western but" side-side ", but high school" all. " West school learning objective is: "The moral principles of Chinese Norm for the original, combined with Asian countries rich and strong technique," in other words, is: "Take the number of Westerners learning device to my Yaoshun Tang Wenwu Zhou Wei Tao." This is not Li's personal opinion, but that time most of the literati's view - even began to call for early parliamentary politics in the implementation of China's Zheng concept should, in Speaking of the West, they have described as such: "The ancients were a few images of the school, were displaced into the room in the West, the process of fine, then far from the reach of China," Liu Xihong This is because the so-called prosperity of the West to learn from China, described as similar to - although Liuxi Hong wholeheartedly embrace Confucian orthodoxy , while the concept should be engrossed in Zheng parliamentary politics. Can not give up the empire's "cultural center view" of that era, all intellectuals (whether conservative or radical) of the common features. Chinese children have no problem learning areas, as Yung Wing Hui Guo want their future to create a young new China, learn Chinese is a must. Ch'en Lan-pin are dissatisfied is that young children have to wear suits, cut off the braids, and even to join Christianity. But more complaints from the details of the fact: In 1879, Wu Jiashan took over supervision of students, the children who move to Washington to Department of lessons when the students an audience, are not Baigui ceremony, the results become serious incidents: "( Liao Shu Kim) was furious that the students apply different forgetting, ignoring the teachers, the solid phase regardless of their learning difficulties to become useful, Serve as China can not be used. petitioned with the abolition of the students. "- children who suffered of modern education, Confucian education makes it impossible to understand the various medieval etiquette. Li young children who can not forgive why not bow down to ritual, which is tantamount to a betrayal of the ideology of empire. Years later, Liang Li and his assessment was that the Westernization reforms: "Li-run foreign affairs, ... ... edge of the outline, no two clients: one reads the military ... ... ... ... second is business school during a school student in Hing foreign matter, Tailv reasons are all military matters, or for representations Translation time users. Li seen Westerners long skills, case only. " Li needed, purely technical personnel; and children in the U.S. rather, as the year of Yung Wing Yi Yang, is transformed into an increasingly open a new era of new citizens; Li are wearing the traditional ideology of colored glasses, 既 see the superiority of a new era, naturally can not recognize the new era, creating a new citizens.

Children living in America's pain: waiting for our just desert and wither Young children were forced to return to the midst of deep regret and pain, but more painful is the return after 10 years away, not waiting for their glory and embrace, but shame and exclusion. Children in a yellow open letter to American friends described his imagined being embraced by the motherland: "When we look into the distance up river in Shanghai, has imagined a warm welcome waiting for us, the familiar crowd, and the mother's arm out of the warm embrace us! ... ... Imagine the welcome us more and more excited." However, the reality is: "Bow gash Yangtze calm and yellow waves, when the dock, the ship that hit the shore loud chord, it woke us 'utopian' the dream." "The crowd around, but not seen a family and friends, no smile to greet a group of our disappointment. ... To prevent our escape, a team of Chinese sailors, escorted us to the back of Shanghai Road station bureaucratic 'college knowledge'. "College has been closed for ten years to seek knowledge, superstitious people believe that where there are often ghost, horror of Chinese compatriots certainty, does not open the door to ten years, peeling walls, dirty floors, stone steps covered with moss, doors and windows have been wet rot. "When you step into the threshold, immediately Mei Qi smoked nose, which seems to symbolize the dark fate night, we can clearly see that the moisture in the cracks between the blocks rising from the ground, so that we do wet clothes, a dazed passage covered with our This insult stung the heart of each person, while it is the most terrible is that the minds of those in the study supervision and absurd ideas, so that we learn minors and forced to return to China. "Like a dog's bark months, we can not. Looking at the walls covered with cobwebs, sleepy people, while arms come into contact with moisture, it is our bedding and our bed is a piece of wood placed on two benches This simple arrangement, under the pretext of our hospitality. " Set foot on land in the motherland that moment, young children who bear the burden of starting a "traitor" to the charges, they betrayed the empire's culture, the tradition of ideological betrayal of the Empire, they are "prisoners of conscience" and "foreign ghost" and "harmful to society" and "not conducive to country people." They are dangerous seeds, must suffer, must accept the government's supervision. Economically, most of the children a monthly salary of only four ounces of silver, when the annual salary of Shanghai Road station is up to 10000-15200 silver. The meager salary, so that young children have problems in life. A young yellow open, said: "This treatment allows us only from Donge our hungry or not, the government is indifferent, so at least we feel for our family is Dong E, the Government has ignored." Politically, the children are also popular government "abuse", there is no social status at all. Commitment before going abroad is naturally not expect official must also accept the Government's strict supervision, there have been compensation enough to make ends meet while children suffer fled Shanghai to make a living, results ordered by the court wanted. "Declaration" once described the situation of children who: "Their salary is not such as the West's waiter, than the prisoners of their regulation is also severe. That the employer, a security must have beat the amplifier and for the state-run foreign affairs indeed!" An American called Robert was observed with the "declaration" describes exactly the same: "I have seen in the street rush (yellow) to open a side, because he bears tolerance, was authorized to go out also. I do not know why they treated as criminals by the Chinese government, for this insult, so that all of them endless indignation in America, during which they have been acutely aware of civilized society, perhaps, the Chinese government intends to call them back to the country are kinds of open seedling removal, this move is indeed self-created demise ... " Children who are issued this lament: "We are easily destroyed, we have no natural patience, we like new seedlings from the fertile soil, mild climate transplanted to the desert of ignorance and superstition, we will not grow, only will gradually wither ... "

1880 Annual Event: Liu Ming-chuan petitioned the high-level debate off the construction of railways

The end of this year, the Qing court's call to stay at home to Beijing to discuss the former Taiwan Provincial Governor Liu Ming-chuan to meet the growing border crisis. Liu went to Beijing, the memorial "in order to raise self-made rail off," and urged the court overhaul railway, in order to consolidate national defense. Political consequences caused by memorials can imagine. Traditional imperial China is a great emphasis on the ideological control of the political system, especially in the growing national crisis the occasion, the ideology is often more hard-line bastion of the stick - 1863, the court rejected the Anglo-American merchants, please make the railways requirement on the grounds that: "outsiders made in China, built the railway land, is clever tricks and wicked craft, not to my special Zuzong Cheng Qing dynasty law." "Zu Zongcheng Law", it is difficult to give up the ideology of the Qing imperial fortress. Since the 19th century, the Western system of civilization and technological civilization of the late Qing Empire, while imposing a huge impact, the impact of the railway is just a part of technological civilization. As a counterattack, the Qing imperial scholar-officials who responded are: to cling to and to prove the superiority of their system of civilization, then as a theoretical basis to deny the Western technological civilization. This seems to have become since the late Qing Dynasty in China since the standard response to external shocks civilization paradigm. The fate of the railway in the late Qing, naturally no exception.

Case: 1876 demolition of the Qing court on the pretext of the public railway Wusong In 1863, British and American trading firms in Shanghai by more than 20 guns team to help defeat the Qing Suzhou Taiping regained the occasion, the joint request to allow them to build a self-made Su-hu railway from Shanghai to Suzhou. Li when he was governor of Jiangsu, although intended, but awed by the literati nationwide boycott of Western technology, not Shanzizuozhu, pushed the matter to the court. Li conveyed to the court for the Western business people: only China's own railway construction and management, will benefit the Chinese people; while employment in the mainland Chinese government will not tolerate a large number of foreigners. The so-called must be made by the Chinese themselves to the railway's answer is just a pretext. 20 years later, the court not only has no intention of self-made railway, on the contrary, it on the pretext of public opinion in 1876, demolished in China's first railway. [Foreign: first railway built up without the knowledge of the Qing say] Qing railway construction will rise to the height of ideology, be classified as "Road" despised by the "clever tricks and wicked craft." This is a direct result of foreign firms in the plan to build a railway Wusong deceptive means - in 1872, they formed a body called the Wusong Road Company, then bought the land along the outside Shanghai is announced to build a common Wusong road, in order to obtain local government support. Some foreign companies are optimistic: the first railway repair up suddenly, perhaps enough to get the last Qing tolerated and even recognized. In 1874, the laying of the railway company formally started, as many as 2,000 workers once. January 20, 1876, all built for embankment and began laying the tracks. Thus, the construction of the railway is not unusual for the intention of the road completely exposed, in order to avoid the interference of local government, laying the tracks very quickly, less than a month to complete the full three-quarters, then, locomotive whistle Stoke start trial operation , made of raw rice cooked rice. Government's response is really strong. Taiwan Feng Road Shanghai court set fire by the light requirements of the British consul in Shanghai, Medhurst stop train traffic. Feng said: Wusong British companies set up the day the road construction is permitted only an extraordinary way, and now it is made out of railway lines were ultra vires. Two Rivers Governor Shen Pao-chen also called for the immediate suspension of the remaining sections being laid. Subsequent negotiation process and its complexity, this is not going to repeat. The final outcome is: December 13, 1876, the British decided to 285,000 taels of silver prices by the Chinese to buy the railroad. Two Rivers Governor Shen Pao-chen had considered running the operation to continue, but the final choice of the removal of the railway. October 20, 1877, the final delivery of a purchase money clear road, the railway has been completely handed over to China, accompanied by the removal of rail is shipped to Taiwan, the train was thrown into the Yangtze River. [Opinion: Feng Shui is not to destroy records of the grounds of exclusion of the railway] The traditional argument is: the beginning of the railway in China, people worry about the destruction of feng shui, trying to hinder. This rhetoric exists in a large number of the Qing court officials into the memorial letter, Li, Zuo, Shen Pao-chen counties as well as local officials have mentioned that. But strangely, the land of China's first railroad construction and operation, and no such phenomenon. 1942 book "History of Shanghai," Shanghai residents recorded the response of Wusong railway: they not only did not oppose the railway, on the contrary, many people watched with great curiosity to see or chase the laying of the railway. Year's "declaration" is to send reporters to the scene reported the public railway response: In addition to Shanghai residents, tens of miles residents travel outside the carriage, rickshaws, two-wheeled transportation such as railways came to watch, their number reached more than 1,000 per day people. Business people also took the opportunity to open stores along the railway. "Rail travel has become a major event when people talked about and some do not live in the city almost throughout the year to carry out the pro-people came to watch with friends, had deserted parking, actually jumped for the fun of the zone. " "The Times" in 1876 published May - seal Shanghai correspondent of communication, a true picture of the relationship between people and the railway: "Somewhat and expect the contrary, in this region, there was no opposition to the Chinese people. But in the middle of the works, showing a growing interest and friendship. ... After a few Lilu has paved the stone ballast stacked ... ... the countryside filled with fun thousands of residents of nearby towns and villages swarmed daily watch works, and discuss various things, from small motorcycles to the paving stone ballast. We are very pleased, obviously they are looking forward to an enthusiastic happy days to come. the old man and a child, old woman and little girl, scholars, craftsmen, farmers - representing all segments of society. " This "declaration" the first day of the year the official opening of the train did exactly the same report: "I rose in the first line of a vehicle to travel. Only see the railway two bystanders gathered, those who want to take the complex can not count, it feels really inadequate bus used by the train as seen in the Chinese elements, I do not know the danger clofibrate, and women and children actually living their most of them. first heard the voice rattles, cover will show everyone has been in place, can no longer register the car. the car to do their best face with a lighted, on the sidelines cheering Yi Jie, compelling gaze, instant car will be passing on, the body feel distant, such as hanging banner carry on. " Obviously, this is inconsistent with the usual "Chinese people against imperialism and the construction of railways in China," the brilliant description does not conform to the popular "ignorance of the people to destroy the feng shui of this modern civilization, the railway refused" to express criticism. But that is precisely the history of Physiognomy: collective rationality fame and fortune and the line of people in conditions of free choice, no one volunteered to be a captive of ideology. [The court: There are ways to remove the fishing Wusong Railway suspects] This attitude of people on the rail so that the court apparently felt quite awkward. Previously, the construction of railways in Western businessmen refused the request, the court repeatedly to the public interest as an excuse, for example, in 1866, three trade ministers Chonghou that said: "Xing for the railway, will cause a nuisance, there are seven men that know not." October 1867 to January 1868, three months, court officials called 18 Central and local leaders to discuss rail issues collectively, and finally concluded that most of the name of public opinion against the construction of railways. Specific comments summarized as follows: 1, emphasizing the railway built in the "feelings inconvenience." Lee Han Zhang say the most representative: "I am cutting the mountains, causing me to Tian Lu, hinder my feng shui, accounting for people's livelihood and business terms, the people must be rallied together to protest the demolition, officials can not rule against himself, can not be ordered to compensate, causing shock people change" . 2, emphasizing the destruction of the railway made "little people living." Tseng Kuo-fan's point of view the most representative: "If ... ... to listen to its founder, wire, rail, car donkey is the way out of any chariot poor hotel porters carry. ... ... From the line of foreigners, foreign places of interest while accounting for the mainland; from The foreigners who echoed the Chinese line of, they also won the tyrannical and share the benefits the poor. all is not feasible. " The discussion also identified a stop foreigners in China railway construction and effective method: "(If the powers that they are) self-defense as a speech to persuade, by about desire within; I units must fight off damage to the people, the official can not be punished for compensation, and other words, within loads about" - if the Western countries to ensure that their responsible for railway safety requirements regarding the construction of railways to write the treaty, the court should, if Chinese people rallied together to protest the demolition of the railway, the West may not require compensation for a Code also written treaty. Temple on top of the bigwigs think so, "he will scrap family ... When thinking back then," quit. This approach has since been implemented court insisted. However, the emergence of the railway in 1876 Wusong and people welcomed the railway, brought to court no small embarrassment - the railway company employs local residents work 200 per person per day wages up to the text; the acquisition of land at high prices in order to avoid disputes; residents along the graves of careful investigation, try to avoid touching the destruction ... These measures have effectively won the goodwill of people along. Court envisaged mass incidents against the railway does not appear. Of course, sporadic incidents have mass, but has nothing to do with the rail against the exclusion. "Declaration" was the seventh day dynasty September 2002 reported a group of events: "Two days ago, to the Bay of Wusong train, is driving line, the middle case of steep old juvenile male and eight women, 900 came to blocking.'s Long and why, say because of Mars in the motorcycle the day before flying into the vicinity of the thatched cottage on the To trillion burning as well. tube car comfort of foreigners that is warm words and promise to seasonal steward who come to see, everyone had passed to give way. is the opening line just a few steps, that what people have light vertical? former monk for re-rolling in , Hebei plans pulled. force the machine can not sleep after the enemy, then the interpretation of hand. car then start the line. " There are also other sporadic case. However, similar to the above events, people aim is to protect the individual interests of the railway itself is not hostile. The real hostility from the gentry intellectuals and the court. Laying back in the early Wusong Railway, Shanghai brewing to prevent some of that gentleman, even those who threw themselves in a way intended to take, and once implemented, but because the driver stopped the train in time, while not causing the accident. Finally, a direct result of the events were removed Wusong railway, it is also a Chinese soldier's suicide on the railway. This commit suicide, many people suspected at the time was deliberately arranged the Qing dynasty in "phishing." "The Times" reported on the matter are: "In the (train pass after) January period, a person is run over by a train. ... It is suspected that he was instigated by local officials. In any case, this event is greatly utilized. This Road station ... ... proposed a "life for a life to life" requirements - that is to train drivers to offset the life of the deceased's life. The idea of ​​course is ridiculous. ... But, the British consul to hold a full hearing might make people satisfied with China. Under his direction, a vice-consul of the trial of the manslaughter trial of the case held. Needless to say, the case in the trial court, is over. the driver immediately put the innocent free, but officials did not get their hostility eased. People were crushed to death a Chinese soldier. Finding is that neither the property of the deceased, and no friends. According to an eyewitness, said the party was to die the initiative: "The soldier was the line to the train, the driver left the track after airing the whistle, the cause of the train line near its body is only six yards when, Hu entered the railway within the induced tragic death "- and therefore the media was that this Chinese soldier's death was premeditated, and the largest suspect that the Chinese government, specifically, the Shanghai Road station Yamen. Could not confirm the truth already. But surely this incident has brought to the Qing court to negotiate a direct transfer, Wusong Railway eventually be removed, this life, "contributed." Qing court as a way to display foreign "to public opinion," but ironically: demolition eve of 145 in Shanghai, Wu Song, a joint public and Bay Area business people intrinsic Two Rivers Governor Shen Pao-chen, a request to retain the railway to continue operating.

Debate: "Spirit Train" over the train entity December 1880 to February 1881 the railway between the great debate set off a direct cause is twofold: First, Tong King-sing began in October this year the construction of the railway Tang Xu, Kaiping coal to meet the need of transport, railway Tang know things can not be discussed, only to do low-key, but still talk ensued; second year, Russia's negotiations on the issue of abrupt tension Ili, border crisis deepened makes the construction of railways to consolidate national defense a top priority. [Liu Ming-chuan: Railway personnel carriers Zhaofaxizhi can consolidate national defense] Liu Ming-chuan Beijing memorial is the fuse triggered the controversy. Liu Military origin, conversation As a result, are largely confined to military and defense areas: "Military forces of the Road, the trial of your enemy. Rail made from Russia from Europe, asymptotic Kokand, in turn from the open to reach Vladivostok Hunchun. Man is not made at this time of the holding, non-Wei forces, it is also a rail minors. No years, bad and unexpected. " "If the railway caused the momentum to contact, through blood, Caibing section rates, and into the crack, anti-border sea transport guns, Zhaofaxizhi, garrison of soldiers to the guerrilla tours, 18 provinces together for the stretch , capable of reaching a soldier with a dozen soldiers of the future military power, the right of all rates in court, outside the inner light weight, not Jiang Chen of the check carry on. " "If once the railway made under the imperial, self-revealing of the machine, then the momentum of the stand-up, ... not just about easily into Russia, Japan, watching for potential elimination from the heart can carry." Liu Ming-chuan proposed court building north-south rail lines: South 22, one from the Qingjiang by Shandong, one from the Hankou through Henan, reached Beijing; North east from Beijing to Shenyang, west Gansu. Memorial day of receipt of the Qing court that issued the Edict: "with Li, Liu Kun-yi Northern, carefully raise the Nanyang Business Minister, proposed a properly played", triggered controversy. [Li: the expense of poor people never had to seek national security statecraft] Liu Ming-chuan manipulator behind the memorial is Li. Prior to that, Lee has been seeking to build the railway, overtly or covertly call for 20 years. Down after the court's decree, Lee immediately wrote a letter off more than 4,000 words long, strongly support Liu Ming-chuan. Lee's memorial is very particular about the strategy. Lee is very clear, the construction of the railway from the ideological level, the greatest resistance to the "moral", so opening the memorial to "prove" the construction of the railway is connected with the saints of the road: "The saints as both rip wood boat, wood of Ji Yan , Zhou Ji Lee, the economic barrier. clothes cow horses, cited heavy Zhiyuan, to facilitate the world ", railways, and the saints," economic barrier "," benefit the world "is essentially the same. Immediately afterwards, Li stated the construction of the railway nine benefits, such as logistics and communication north and south, in the national economy and greatly beneficial; conducive to military transport, to consolidate national defense; four army can quickly build to the capital, Emperor Xianfeng fled to hot-free River of shame; of great benefit in the transport of relief supplies, if the railway, DE surprising shortage will not starve to death so many people off and so on. Very high for the market in the court's "Pirates of making railway equal welcome to open the door" for foreign troops on Chinese soil come and go point of view, Li said: "The country's rail, are so conscription against an enemy, an enemy without using smell "that this concern is purely fuss, the railway construction on the land in the country, anything their government let foreign enemies, unable to control the ride to the railway management. Furthermore, if I can not self-improvement, even if not for the railway, the same or a foreign enemy would not try to be brave in my country? Previously, the Imperial Academy Bachelor of Zhang Xiang Shi Du memorial against the construction of railways has been one of the most important reasons are: the railway opened, will lead to "stall the driver to China seeking food and clothing to the vertical will be no fear of losing their livelihood Sham, trouble will end." , concerns the railway will be deprived of a coachman who like the livelihood of these people, causing social unrest. Li think this is nonsense, for example: when the British first made railway, also have such concerns, the results caused by the railway, along with coach but more as a living person, because the railway just take Avenue, remote villages and towns still need to coach, promote urban development along the railway, the natural demand for the carriage up. In Li view, making the railway not only won the people's livelihood will not count, but profit is a good thing for the people. Very popular among the ruling and opposition parties can not build the railway point of view that foreigners covet the mainland, Li deeply ridiculous: "If people consider much of the coveted, and the first stop Simin Shigetomi of the machine, regardless of who may not be much to give in, never even went so far as coveted, Gyu of people seeking asylum country road, past and present no such method is also. "- to prevent enemies, and let the people are poor, through the ages, never this and other governance. In another passage, the foreign affairs veteran who reveal their true feelings: "Hong Zhang old men, to serve the country on short men, even if everything smoothly, what up Juanai abuzz! Wish when a large gentleman works cited Junfu way to discern foreign world the truth, not only forgetting the actual name of the retreat, but suddenly much accustomed to common map, world misfortune! overall misfortune! " [Liu Xihong: "Spirit Train" is far better than physical train] Li hoped that "when a large gentleman's way," insight into the foreign world the truth, not mere hearsay, misleading the people and the country making wild, true desire is good. But the sad thing is, the empire was an ideological-based countries, many of the literati who do not live in the real reality, but instead will be a long and stubbornly hang on their placement in sage, life is not their faith, from the sage way of life is. So, even if they bid farewell to hearsay, some of Western civilization as the immediate field trips, their conclusion drawn is still very likely to be absurd. Government to pass Senate Liuxi Hong is one such example. Liu previously ambassador to Britain, Germany, the Western countries have personal knowledge. In this controversy in railway Liu concluded, "can not monk eight, non-profits were eight, nine harmful to those who" get those who oppose the construction of railways, such as Li Hongzao, Weng, Yu and others appreciative of the amount. Its mission to the Western experience, greatly enhanced the weight of its objections. To sum up, Liu roughly six objections: First, the counter rail will help to consolidate national defense, Liu that the country lies in the people and keep, and dangerous terrain and heavy, if built railway, but not without risk, but since the level of their risk; Second, you can refute the railways engaged in transport ample treasury, Liu said: "Sheng Zhao's own way of making money Avenue, not at the efficiency of merchants"; Third, it was proposed for the construction of the railway, to facilitate visits to court over the people, benefit politically developed, Liu said: "The police Officials of the Hunming, not in the spirit of the footprint. " Fourth, the counter rail is conducive to people's livelihood point of view, that the railroad did help the people of Lau travel, merchants can benefit, but the flow of goods, while convenient, will lead to "the people will increase the luxury property on the virtual Mi"; its five Lau will consider the construction of railways, "the god of mountains and anxiety that dry easily flooded the disaster called"; Sixth, Liu that the railways will lead to public disorder, "cover the people angry at this time the heart is not flat, once the creation of the railway, House destroyed their fields tomb complex, the outrage Yi Shen, whereas V Mang the thief, then English people were slaughtered in the name was borrowed, because the public mind for chaos. " Liu's theory that views its own origins. West wrote on his mission when the personal diary, "the British light carriage private mind" in the records of an anecdote, as Liu's position in this debate the comments - London during a "Persian Military Governors' had asked why China does not manufacture Liuxi Hong steamer car. Liu Xihong full of philosophical wisdom, in a sense of humor as a response: "Currently, we are in the Qing imperial government is planning to create big train, big train that is not coal, not the tracks, was able to exercise day tens of thousands of years." "Persian Military Governors' puzzled, Liu Xihong with a confident smile, told him: "(According to our Chinese sage taught classics) is the court order is Baiguan, is Baiguan to being the nations. This trip the most speed, day and tens of thousands of years, not to be in the coal steamer iron are also." In Liu Xihong view, the ideology of the classics of the specification, the train is better than any entity the "spirit train", a real train would disrupt the order of the Empire, only this column, "Spirit Train" to bring harmony to give the Qing Empire . Liu seems that they have been wonderful on their own to such words impressed. Proudly wrote in his diary: "(Persian Military Governors) also heard the laughter. I from London, where the Outback, will now make the (completely accurate) and kai of giving people a little extension to the debate on the barge every A, endless Persian Military Governors will nod . Yubi resigned, WANG Yue: Today, experience the special fast, no wonder the Chinese are famous. " In their smug at the same time, a British gentleman was in the "Times," he wrote pointedly ironic: "China to prevent Cheyne's party, he does not make things change only to prohibit service. Destroyed the railway main proponents who? Unknown, heard a total of seven, set within history, has always been to create a seven saints, it seems this can be classified as 'Seven stupid' name, pass after the world. Wusong years discussed the railway, the subject of ridicule, a combination of ... ... unexpectedly and Guo (Song Tao) to make the same to the Bolin Gong (Liu Xihong), with the concept, but not concentric with the like , that the telegraph, railroad, although not contented at the heart of the barbarian in ghosts useful, is not appropriate in all the Han Chinese have used to ... ... the emperor, fear of AIDS the day of wisdom, which Fenshukengru, has passed that laugh. railway people to stop is fully Yi Xiao offspring no doubt. " But in the end, Liu Xihong the "spirit train" Li beat their physical train. Court's decree are: Liu Ming-chuan's proposal, "needless to Reconsideration," shelved, not to mention.