August 1872, the first batch of 30 children leave for the United States by boat from Shanghai. The subsequent three years, 1873,1874,1875 each batch of each, a total of 120 children (aged between 10-16 years old) to the United States to study. Study was limited to 15 years, plus 2 years experience of traveling to school, plus the line of the former prep school in Shanghai Yi Wen Chinese and Western learning for one year, a total of nearly 20 years. Known as "Late children in America program." Plan the most powerful promoter of Li has so expressed its purpose: "seeking foreigners good at the skills, and self-improvement plans for China."
Although the start at the beginning, Li bull by the horns and be repeated Speaking of rumors, no plans to make abortion, but in the end, he failed to adhere to in the end. Along with Li on the progress of the program's disappointed young children living in America, June 28, 1881, Yamen note was educated in the United States Bureau of young children go abroad, so that all teachers and students returned to China as soon as possible. Three batches of young children being left in America, returned to China in fall 1881. At this point, began in 1872, after 10 years of China's first official school students failed.
Study was proposed to promote education to enlightenment as the cause of his life bitter Yung Wing: "lifelong volunteer, both horizontal destroyed ... ... feel a disheartened, no-apathy." Later, he met Li in Tianjin, severely criticized the veteran foreign affairs did not try to preserve the cause. However, Yung Wing do not know is that Li is the withdrawal of the strong advocates of children living in America - 1881 years, no less than the pain inside Li Yung Wing: Carpenter want to shed the old paste and clear a large number of Western technological civilization Youth paste shed Carpenter; However, children who received education in the United States, but obviously they train into the old system to the grave-diggers. Plan for the children of America make every effort to top the nearly 10 years of government and public pressure to Li, this is what kind of feel then? In his silence on the decree of Yamen retracement of the moment, that more than a hundred children in America has become the eyes of the whole country scholar unforgivable "prisoners of conscience." |
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| Yung Wing's vision: to create new citizens to open a new era |
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Type of pain] [Lu Xun
In 1847, less than 19-year-old Yung Wing, across the ocean to the other side of the United States. Several years later, Jiuli European and American, he describes himself to be so after the pain of a new era of enlightenment:
"When they fail to period, China's corruption case, when the touch to the heart, particularly while chasing Dynasty Each bearing in mind, whom the unhappy Noir, is willing to turn from the good education is more. Cover is well received by education, is ideal for both high heart, but also wide range of moral, then felt this heavy body load, if there is no knowledge age, the transfer does not feel well. read more Chinese nationals, sustained untold suffering, endless repression, this pain and repression, in the uneducated person he is also no sense to switch, I do not know it as the beginning of the suffering and repression also. so I Chang Wei knowledge of the higher benefit, pain will rise, and happy little benefit. On the contrary, the more non-knowledge, is less painful, and happy is the more. happiness and knowledge, is useless as a natural almost inverse proportion. " |
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This pain, Lu Xun once described - "If an iron house, is no destruction of the windows and behind them, there are many people sleeping, and soon have died of suffocation, but from the lethargy into Simie, and do not feel the sorrow of death and now a lot of noises you up, startled a few people more sober, so that the unfortunate few who come to the sufferings of death by irreversible, but you had thought worthy of them? "
Pain is the same, actually almost the same choice. Lu Xun continued: "However, since a few people up, you can not say absolutely no hope of destroying the iron house." "Yes, although I am sure my own, but said that he hoped, but it is not denied, because the hope lies in the future ... "
Yung Wing also believe that "hope is the future":
"In to the individual concerned, in particular, should keep this pessimistic. ... ... Both the self-proclaimed as educated person, then when Rixi Figure D, to be seen what they have learned to Jisheng Ping utility. ... I think that to the one intended, both education by this civilization, when the person after I also enjoy the same interests.'s Western academic, taught in China, so China's growing prosperity in the realm of civilization. "
[To change China's not a religion, but education]
Yung Wing was poor, dependent on the parties in the United States funded studies, most of these subsidize religion-related. His high school - Mengsong school board had to return home as missionaries to send him to university funding as a prerequisite. However, Yung Wing view, religion "is not necessarily unique in the industry for the benefit of China," Chinese Su-no religious tradition of Western civilization's basic - in fact Christianity and Chinese culture has never been fully integrated, integrated Chinese secular society is still traditional Confucianism.
Refused to return to being a missionary is expensive. Yung Wing, as familiar with the Rev. Joseph · H · Twichell said:
"(Yung Wing) to determine their own missionaries is not the best when he vaguely guess waiting for him to do some other things that he fully realized that this was a costly decision, a decision contrary to his views and the majority of people around desire the same time, due to this decision, he make a clean break with those sources of charitable funds, no money income. "
Have a long career overseas Yung Wing became a thoroughly American, he has U.S. citizenship, and almost forgot how to speak Mandarin. In his autobiography he said: "My patriotism and love of fellow who does not decay; the contrary, these are as compassionate and strengthened, so painstaking to complete ... I plan to send students: this is My eternal love for the performance of China, but also I think that the reform and revitalization of the most practical way to China. "
1870, Tseng, Ting went to Tianjin for granted for so "the Tianjin Massacre," Yung Wing is also involved as a translator. Ting very good relationship with Yung Wing, by its urging, Zeng revert to "study plan", and finally the agreed, together with Li had promised the title into the ensemble. Yung Wing Ting middle of the night wake up this news, "is happy and insomnia, Jing Ye opening the eyes, such as Nighthawk, feel smug this body, such as Gun step is true, forget it for the deadlock between the HDT." Later, that Section 1872 depart the United States government sent a group of students.
[Reform of the old world top priority is to reform the old culture]
Tseng Yung Wing is not clear about expatriate students strongly contributed to the real intention. The traditional Confucian culture, "Saint and Emperor" to the highest level of the backbone of the Qing empire, hopes to send students to learn first-hand the power technology in Western countries. Zeng Qing Empire, hoping to revive the glory and the Confucian orthodoxy; Yung Wing, however, want to transform old oriental culture, create a new "Young China":
"However, the results for the education program was implemented by the Western civilization in order to improve the academic culture of the Orient, will enable the old empire, a change for the young new China."
Presence or absence of the Qing court, the abolition of the Confucian ideology, this has never considered not within the Yung Wing. In 1855, he was born in Guangzhou of Guangdong and Guangxi witnessed Confucianism Governor Ye Chen massacre of extreme cruelty when the people of Guangzhou - That summer, the Chin dynasty, fifteen years, seventy thousand breath to kill five thousand people, most of which were nothing with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Yung Wing personally visit the execution ground, see shocking: "the execution ground all around two thousand yards or less, bad air, such as smog. The numerous of the morgue, the latest person has been exposed to two or three days. On the ground of the earth, blood-sucking both full, are as fine color. PCCW over the blood and into the dirt sinks to the pool. the germ of the air filled with useless words can not describe. "
Traditional culture and modern civilization, not birth. Yung Wing, later commented: "good and bad like this, regardless of the killing, not just in this century, nothing can compare with that old time the king of the Nile brutal, and tragic era of the French Revolution, killing as many as there is no case."
Visit Taiping and pessimistic about their future after Yung Wing once again talking about his lack of hope for the Qing court: "(the rise of the Taiping) real root of the evil Manchu government in the political types, the largest of corruption because the executive is really , the government in order to bribe into up and down officials, that no one not in the bribery of the drug. ... officials who only wishes to eat their greed bag, then on to fool the people of conflict. so-called government who is completely into one of the great fraud authorities carry on. "
Yung Wing in view, the Government has been "completely into a great body of the fraud," cultural backwardness is a very important factor, "China is simply the old world, officialdom Hilltop, Lai stereotyped as a stepping stone." Reform of the old world of top priority, that reform of the old culture. Committed to study education, Yung Wing, the old culture, it seems it is a shortcut to the reform: "I intended future popularity of Chinese education, civil rights for all salt solutions, the meaning of private rights, Er Shi no person has dared to violations of their rights who must have courage and boldness from the self-defense carry on! " |
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| Li's dream: a new generation of paste shed Carpenter |
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[Ch'en Lan-pin proposed to withdraw the children living in America]
Guangxu six years (1880) November, the Qing court promulgated the Edict, Speaking of the cause of dissatisfaction for young children living in America, said:
"Some people played, Min, Yang Councils recent breakdowns in students going abroad ... ... more into Jesus' teaching, Huang, deputy translated into the dark lure students to teach, with a total office area less than ten days surname Bureau, and students have no control, and abandoned the business, etc. language. the court at heavy public funds, the establishment of ship Council, and sent tubes with children overseas, making the original period of strong ship fit fine, achievements talent to benefit practical. If, as played by the drawbacks, is still complex as anything for the body! "
And February, Ch'en Lan-pin back-outs, children living in America described the "status quo", and proposed to withdraw the children in America: |
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"November last year, Wu Jiashan Special to the Washington area, said ocean customs abuses fold, the students less abdominal Confucian books, virtue is not strong, yet research skills he is really easy to stick their bad habits, even trying to straighten out, Yijue prevention difficult week, Council should urgently be abolished, but the abolition of many people, but also consider those who are unwilling to return to China, half-way escape, Do not be Robinson minor and other remarks ... ... Bureau of stolen Victoria Ying Wu Jiashan body works, both this proposal, for fear in the future more harm than good. "
Court will be played back by the Prime Minister Ch'en Lan-pin Yamen discussion. The latter is directly responsible for this study instead seek the cause of the Northern Minister Li's comments - when the advocate who led the transaction, Tseng Kuo-fan has died, Ting home to recuperate, but Li has been trying to support. Thus, Li's views on whether children in America has become the decisive factor should be withdrawn.
[Li has no intention to actively preserve the children living in America]
Li Yamen replied then, opinions are "semi-withdrawal half-left", you agree to the abolition of children in America is responsible for matters of specialized agencies "in foreign graduated from Council", and some students to withdraw the country, the rest is soon to enter college students by the Embassy took the management, so wait until after graduation to return home. In order to convince the court agreed to withdraw half of a half left, Lee's letter also referred to former U.S. President U.S. Grant and several university presidents on the matter of attitude: "that the students are quite self-improvement, dropping out halfway through the special is a pity, and undermine the United States face . "
But on the whole, Li's attitude is negative. Ch'en Lan-pin and other literati of their objections, Lee basically have recognized - for example, Ch'en Lan-pin blame America Western emphasis on children abandoned school, Li said he was clearly inside story: "Wani years, I have proposed a pure Fu (Yung Wing) emphasis on Western, caused by secondary school children were out of practice, Hong Zhang admonishing try blending the book, is nothing more than to be three. " Lee more, children in the struggle retracement of the program - "Pure Fu (Yung Wing) long tube of this Board to that dignity at stake, its reluctance to be abolished, since the care, the sub-register and then read the letter addressed , there are scores was abolished, says that can not be alien to those who are still not. "
Li received the reply, the Prime Minister bureaucratic decision making, memorialized the court requests that all children in America one withdrawn. Memorial, said:
"Since the foreign minister of South Tongzhi years played by the regulations established, the selection of children who go abroad in the qualification Jiao, go to school, to prepare different materials into the day with ... ... Ju raw material falling into harm, nominal ... ... Chendeng that , and its gradual withdrawal also, Morrow takes the line to stop, more straightforward, the corresponding foreign ministers north and south under your ordered, while employing the occasion of the Board, will be transferred back to the students going abroad. "
Li such a negative attitude is clearly Yamen decided to withdraw the main reason young children in America. For a long time, is Li's alone in the success of this cause - children in America regarding the initiative at the beginning, Tseng Kuo-fan just petitioned to the court when passing other matters raised in this proposal is then sent a letter to Zeng Li , strongly urged him to issue a special memorial, "is not expected to be off the subject of waste"; 1874, America sent the third batch of children, the move towards the cost of much dissatisfaction with the literati, advocates no longer sent, the last resisting Li pressure; 1877, U.S. prices rose, young children living in America set aside the request to add funding for the memorial Li, stand firm, "has this talented, self-improvement plans gradually to design, a great relationship ... ... but unfortunately the cost is absolutely no suspension of the truth" ... ... Now, even Li has become so negative, Yamen choose to withdraw all young children, is also very natural.
[No addicted, hopeless empire "cultural center concept."]
Li attitude change began in 1879. This year, responsible for the affairs of two young children in America do have the total return from them, Li was informed of the direction in the development of young children who had problems - due to the connivance of Yung Wing, "The Apprentice abandoned high school" serious. May 1880, Li wrote to Ch'en Lan-pin, specifically about how to correct this problem.
In the letter, Li Yung Wing required specifically to deal with foreign science, not blending young secondary education. Li hoped that both children were able to learn Western science and technology to meet the Westernization of use, while not abandoned the traditional Confucian education; in Li's view, children who must adhere to the "School for the body, Western learning for use, can be neglected "Otherwise, even if the foreign school repair, no matter how, the state did not benefit.
On this point, tailor-made "children traveling abroad and graduated from matters off," there are clearly defined:
"After going abroad, Yi is still learning and speaking Western secondary schools, lessons in Book of Filial Piety, primary schools, the Five Classics and the country towards the statutes and other books, with the capital to compete with, step by step; whenever rooms, virtual, Pleiades, stars and other Japanese, and deputy members pass set of children, teach-in "Sheng Yu Guang training", to show the meaning of the pro-Zunjun, Shu is not confined to different school. "
The purpose, Li had it quite clear: "China's civil and military system, everything is far above a foreigner, alone and firearms must not do." "After a little country, a whole, there are partial side, there are at the end of this, "Western but" side-side ", but high school" all. " West school learning objective is: "The moral principles of Chinese Norm for the original, combined with Asian countries rich and strong technique," in other words, is: "Take the number of Westerners learning device to my Yaoshun Tang Wenwu Zhou Wei Tao."
This is not Li's personal opinion, but that time most of the literati's view - even began to call for early parliamentary politics in the implementation of China's Zheng concept should, in Speaking of the West, they have described as such: "The ancients were a few images of the school, were displaced into the room in the West, the process of fine, then far from the reach of China," Liu Xihong This is because the so-called prosperity of the West to learn from China, described as similar to - although Liuxi Hong wholeheartedly embrace Confucian orthodoxy , while the concept should be engrossed in Zheng parliamentary politics. Can not give up the empire's "cultural center view" of that era, all intellectuals (whether conservative or radical) of the common features.
Chinese children have no problem learning areas, as Yung Wing Hui Guo want their future to create a young new China, learn Chinese is a must. Ch'en Lan-pin are dissatisfied is that young children have to wear suits, cut off the braids, and even to join Christianity. But more complaints from the details of the fact: In 1879, Wu Jiashan took over supervision of students, the children who move to Washington to Department of lessons when the students an audience, are not Baigui ceremony, the results become serious incidents: "( Liao Shu Kim) was furious that the students apply different forgetting, ignoring the teachers, the solid phase regardless of their learning difficulties to become useful, Serve as China can not be used. petitioned with the abolition of the students. "- children who suffered of modern education, Confucian education makes it impossible to understand the various medieval etiquette.
Li young children who can not forgive why not bow down to ritual, which is tantamount to a betrayal of the ideology of empire. Years later, Liang Li and his assessment was that the Westernization reforms:
"Li-run foreign affairs, ... ... edge of the outline, no two clients: one reads the military ... ... ... ... second is business school during a school student in Hing foreign matter, Tailv reasons are all military matters, or for representations Translation time users. Li seen Westerners long skills, case only. "
Li needed, purely technical personnel; and children in the U.S. rather, as the year of Yung Wing Yi Yang, is transformed into an increasingly open a new era of new citizens; Li are wearing the traditional ideology of colored glasses, 既 see the superiority of a new era, naturally can not recognize the new era, creating a new citizens. |
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| Children living in America's pain: waiting for our just desert and wither |
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Young children were forced to return to the midst of deep regret and pain, but more painful is the return after 10 years away, not waiting for their glory and embrace, but shame and exclusion.
Children in a yellow open letter to American friends described his imagined being embraced by the motherland:
"When we look into the distance up river in Shanghai, has imagined a warm welcome waiting for us, the familiar crowd, and the mother's arm out of the warm embrace us! ... ... Imagine the welcome us more and more excited."
However, the reality is: |
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"Bow gash Yangtze calm and yellow waves, when the dock, the ship that hit the shore loud chord, it woke us 'utopian' the dream."
"The crowd around, but not seen a family and friends, no smile to greet a group of our disappointment. ... To prevent our escape, a team of Chinese sailors, escorted us to the back of Shanghai Road station bureaucratic 'college knowledge'.
"College has been closed for ten years to seek knowledge, superstitious people believe that where there are often ghost, horror of Chinese compatriots certainty, does not open the door to ten years, peeling walls, dirty floors, stone steps covered with moss, doors and windows have been wet rot.
"When you step into the threshold, immediately Mei Qi smoked nose, which seems to symbolize the dark fate night, we can clearly see that the moisture in the cracks between the blocks rising from the ground, so that we do wet clothes, a dazed passage covered with our This insult stung the heart of each person, while it is the most terrible is that the minds of those in the study supervision and absurd ideas, so that we learn minors and forced to return to China.
"Like a dog's bark months, we can not. Looking at the walls covered with cobwebs, sleepy people, while arms come into contact with moisture, it is our bedding and our bed is a piece of wood placed on two benches This simple arrangement, under the pretext of our hospitality. "
Set foot on land in the motherland that moment, young children who bear the burden of starting a "traitor" to the charges, they betrayed the empire's culture, the tradition of ideological betrayal of the Empire, they are "prisoners of conscience" and "foreign ghost" and "harmful to society" and "not conducive to country people." They are dangerous seeds, must suffer, must accept the government's supervision.
Economically, most of the children a monthly salary of only four ounces of silver, when the annual salary of Shanghai Road station is up to 10000-15200 silver. The meager salary, so that young children have problems in life. A young yellow open, said: "This treatment allows us only from Donge our hungry or not, the government is indifferent, so at least we feel for our family is Dong E, the Government has ignored."
Politically, the children are also popular government "abuse", there is no social status at all. Commitment before going abroad is naturally not expect official must also accept the Government's strict supervision, there have been compensation enough to make ends meet while children suffer fled Shanghai to make a living, results ordered by the court wanted. "Declaration" once described the situation of children who: "Their salary is not such as the West's waiter, than the prisoners of their regulation is also severe. That the employer, a security must have beat the amplifier and for the state-run foreign affairs indeed!"
An American called Robert was observed with the "declaration" describes exactly the same: "I have seen in the street rush (yellow) to open a side, because he bears tolerance, was authorized to go out also. I do not know why they treated as criminals by the Chinese government, for this insult, so that all of them endless indignation in America, during which they have been acutely aware of civilized society, perhaps, the Chinese government intends to call them back to the country are kinds of open seedling removal, this move is indeed self-created demise ... "
Children who are issued this lament: "We are easily destroyed, we have no natural patience, we like new seedlings from the fertile soil, mild climate transplanted to the desert of ignorance and superstition, we will not grow, only will gradually wither ... " |
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