Friday, September 16, 2011

1865 Annual Event: Self-government movement leader Wang Yixin was dismissed from the post

Christine Wang Yixin was dismissed from the pro-government post of the king, was the largest empire in 1865, political events - April 1, (the lunar calendar in early March 26), the Empress Dowager Cixi reuse blame Prince Hans Kung: "This world, we do a , Han gave it! "" I am embarrassed with everything Ru, Ru post my leather. "refuses to accept Prince Kung:" Robinson is the sixth son of late emperor, you can reform my job, not leather Prince. "Christine Prince for a long time to kneel, suddenly stand, the Empress Dowager Cixi shouted, the words of Prince Gong want to play her. Huanzhe increasingly out of Prince Gong. ("Wen Record Volume 132")



Prince Yi Xin Gong and his leadership of Yamen, in the above description seems to represent vested interests within the Manchu Qing court liberals, stretching for several decades as the late Qing reform - self-strengthening movement (also known as the Westernization Movement) leadership and the lead agency, has broken the Manchu differences.



But historical truth is: precisely because the imperial Prince Gong and other high-level privileges can not break the vested interests, self-improvement was a result of the late Qing reform movement in this time-consuming final complete abortion.

 Manchu history-based system


Manchuria-based system, the Qing Dynasty a long time. Nurhaci year expulsion attack the Ming dynasty, the Han Chinese customs that had a saying: "to Han Zheng Ming, the Manchu beneficial." Taiji proposal rejected by Tatsumi finished the grounds that: "If the abolition of riding and shooting, undress big sleeves, and then water until the flesh of others", the full dominance in the Central Plains there is no guarantee.



Junji years in March, Han Chen Li Chengxiang proposed memorial hospital departments to the full official cut bureaucratic, full-time Han Chinese, the official reason was mostly full of low cultural level, can not do the work of hospital departments. Junji browse played furious, hate curse Li Chengxiang: "I am, regardless of Manchu, the Haier same blessing; Haier Han Guan regrettable anti-health dissent! In accordance with the common sense, Manchuria priority better! Haier most of the late Ming Chen, so have this nonsense! "Li Chengxiang final decision is the Board of Punishments" abandoned city. "


Junji years, the court full of people discussing how to deal with fugitive slaves build the Han, Han Guan Zhao happy advocate benevolent, will again Junji suspicion, denounced the motive was "full of people suffering Han Yuling, seek national infidelity, this is Mo very! "



Later play in the "Great" Emperor Kangxi, the same stick Manchuria-based - when the provisions of "picture-gun" This advanced weapon dedicated to the Eight Banners, others be allowed to cast. Taiyuan Jin is taking part private casting twenty-two, aims to denounce the Kangxi to: "Department of the Eight Banners Picture guns firearms, the provinces shall make, break it not be!", Scared the Golden State is three souls lost seven soul.



This strong Manchu distinction to an extreme, it is the persistence of the ancestral system of Manchuria absurd insistence, for example, Jiaqing twenty-five years, the emperor issued an edict warning Manchuria in particular men, requiring them to use bows and arrows, firearms and other less fowling The reason is: "Manchuria special bow hunt ... ... the old system if the strength straighten out, bent along the course of time, was not a bow to the will, abandoned Manchuria carry the industry."



 Manchuria-based marks one: the total gift tax division rather outsiders not with slaves


Yamen to deal with matters including trade, customs, negotiations, learning a foreign four projects. Including trade, negotiations with local governors general assistance and dealing with trade ministers. The remaining tariffs and learning foreign two things, then set by the Yamen "Total Tax Department," and "Tong Wen Guan," to implement.



General Tax Department, was established in nine Xianfeng (1859), Tongzhi year (1863) in October, because of dissatisfaction with the Qing court in the procurement of foreign soldiers in Lay round events to manipulate the price artificially high while the total tax-free withdrawal of the post of Secretary to only 28 of Hart replaced. Wen to three years, approved the Hart Yamen entered into the "raised by outsiders deputy tax statute" Since then the Division has a total employment tax, administrative, taxation and all power, all of the following Tax Department of the Chinese customs, the raising of officials, are the property of their command of.


General Tax Department, reviewed the background of the establishment, Christine Prince has repeatedly admitted that he is not familiar to the customs affairs, lamented difficult to start. Xianfeng eleven Hart to discuss Beijing consulting Yamen "Customs constitution", the Prince Kung had to admit that the "Fun things to attend to trouble, hard insight into abuses," is basically two of a smear of the state.



This does not mean no one can take within the imperial customs matters - the real question is: In the Qing view, the tariff is so important source of finance, Manchuria internal management functions since no one can be competent, then, will rather AIA gift, not with slaves, it must not fall into the hands of Han Chinese officials. Road, Wu Chien-chang Su Song's experience too is a vivid example.



Wu Chien-chang in Shanghai during the Taiping army was also responsible for the fall of Shanghai Customs. Depends on its running good offices to end four years in the Xianfeng and common law provisions of the Statute of the three countries entered into Shanghai Customs, and the organization set up a "Tariff Commission." Due to the quite competent in handling customs matters, which Wu also drew the "barbarians" trust. However, the Qing court was full of suspicion of Wu Chien-chang, Qing in Shanghai that will not destroy the knife, is "to contain at Yingyi," and "Ying Yi" is boldly so rampant, all behind the instigation of Shanghai Road, Wu Chien-chang agitation . A result, suspicion of the Qing Wu, "keep the enemy outside the pass," the charges dismissed.



Wu Chien-chang is no "outside support through enemy", which the Qing court was very clear. Because until eight Xianfeng (1858), the Qing court also dismissed repeated use of the Wu Chien-chang to negotiate with the Anglo-American law for all kinds of affairs. Wu really the "enemy through external support," escape the raid has long been the scourge of genocide. The key behind this, but the Qing dynasty Manchu-based concept has always been at play. Also in Xianfeng eight years, is a Shanghai Road Xue Huan and Wu Chien-chang almost suffered the same fate, life Manchurian Qing Xue Huan officials investigating the reliability of Gui-liang, fortunately Gui-liang to a "prime convince the barbarians, things are also quite as decent "reviews.



If the Qing court to abandon the concept and the Han Chinese Manchuria-based suspicion, even in customs affairs, and other outsiders hired Hurd total control of the overall situation, but the direct management of the customs, something that has not delegated such as Wu Chien-chang national competent officials. So, Customs will not have power for decades into the hands of outsiders - of course, the Qing court was lucky, they chose the Hart conduct, the post of Secretary in the total tax on the contribution of the Qing great, but this can only be attributed as luck, personal conduct by outsiders to protect the interests of their own customs, is unrealistic - but the Qing court obviously "lesser than two evils": its financial power to pay the customs and the hands of Han Chinese, not as the "barbarians" control as well.



 Manchuria-based mark II: Tong Wen Guan Han Chinese students selected to suppress


Negotiations with foreign countries during the late Qing, the exchange between the membrane of deep feelings. Therefore early years Xianfeng (1860), Yixin doctor said, negotiations with foreign countries, "must first know their temperament," an important measure is the creation of "Man with the Museum."



However, Yixin also stressed: "Distribution of the people through the solution of foreign languages, countries to carry books to Beijing, choose the Eight Banners in the qualification intelligence, was in the thirteenth four or less, to serve data to learn." This "Manchurian first" instruction, to the same text in the training of museum professionals has contributed to serious adverse effects.



Tongzhi first year (1862) Yixin was founded in Beijing with the text of the Capital Museum; Li in Shanghai the following year founded the "Shanghai Guangzhou dialect Museum"; again, the Guangzhou and set up "with the text of the Guangzhou Museum." In addition to the "Shanghai Guangzhou dialect Museum", Beijing, Guangzhou Museum of the text is very clear with the school banner.


Guangzhou's "articles of association with the Museum of Man" in the provisions of the museum to learn a total of twenty places, including banner sixteen, four Han Chinese, the age of 20 years of age, fourteen years old; staff, etc. are all for the flag people. Imperial Hall with the text of a constitution modeled on the early establishment of the Russian imperial museum, taking the same limit the number of children in the Eight Banners - then, the Russian Museum, there had been a very absurd thing: teachers teach Russian Manchuria, a year after being found that the fundamental barrier Russian, and God knows what country are taught every day the birds.



In comparison, Zeng Li Han minister in the self-Manchu movement is no longer any distinction. Tongzhi years (1871), who, Li ensemble, request public funds to send children to go to study in various countries, containing articles of association, the proposed "rate every year for thirty named. Count one hundred and twenty years", not to mention half-word and Manchu ratio problems. Prince Yi Xin Gong memorial after reviewing its support, but especially in young children in the selection implicitly added emphasis on the principle of priority Banners children.



This Manchuria-based concept, officials in Manchuria in the Qing entrenched. Tongzhi years (1871), has been promoted to the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi University, who reported seolin memorial hall in Guangzhou with the text of the case, said the museum's learning with the text: "Flag membership of various health, Xianjie enthusiastic. Wei-min are learning with membership School of Health, to come and go all Fenmian impermanence difficult period. ... I and other public meetings with discretion, it seems to be the amount of modifications, the text will be invited to subsequent Hall with students, special banner, needless to re-recruit Han. "that petitioned, successfully obtained the consent of Yamen Yixin, issued by the Emperor Tongzhi Assent.



 Manchuria-based signs III: Pan-Han hinder the modernization of the transition


Taiping Rebellion to the late Qing Dynasty brought the greatest political impact of military power than the generals gradually from the center into private hands, and thus lead to overall increase in the power of local governors. As the late Qing longest, most extensive reform of radiating, self-improvement movement, learning a foreign military is not just learning the advanced military technology and training of foreign military concepts, as well as another layer of significance: through the study of foreign military in Manchu treated differently, and gradually suppress and eliminate the Taiping Rebellion Han Chinese since the rise of local military forces.



Manchu military distinction, from the early years of the creation of Manchu Qing Eight Banners and Green Standard Han has already begun. Banners garrison in order to focus on, in order to spread the green camp garrison; Banners to use the best weapons, the Green Camp only allows the use of ordinary weapons; Imperial Guard alone is responsible for the Eight Banners, shall not participate in the Green Camp; Banners no runner, green camp is like labor, etc., are full of Han points of specific performance.


Yamen was established before and after the memorial had talked about the Eight Banners Senggelinqin soldiers Xinxiang much higher than the Green Standard Army, which is the old cases, self-reform movement has no intention only. Really reflects the innovation of military self-strengthening movement in Manchuria-based concept, is selected to go to foreign military personnel trained birth ratio. According to Roll Gang "Xiang Xin-zhi," Statistics, the Qing court in the late 19th century Manchu soldiers, about 25 million, 640 000 Green Standard Army. But the movement in the self-selected to go abroad for military training of the Eight Banners / Green Standard ratio, but it is 450:10 - wen Renyin the first year of the Edict of December, 450 soldiers selected the Eight Banners, Green Camp, 10, to accept foreign military new training, which is Prince Yi Xin Gong, who discuss the results.



Above in military technology, adhere to the Manchu Qing court also treated differently. Tongzhi three years (1860), Christine Prince memorial, talked about learning foreign weapons issues, said: "Only secret of this fine control, Beijing camp upon graduation, only to push the provincial school system stationed criminals." Eight Banners outside of the pan-green camp, the non-involvement in these new technologies.



The most heart-cold, this is the dividing line between Manchu policy has been naked when the level reflected in the people's livelihood. Xianfeng eight years (1858) in September, the Guangdong provincial capital has been devastated British and French troops, the governor of Guangdong Park memorial makes a very expensive one chilling, Parker says your in the memorial:



"Guangdong provincial capital suddenly made barbarian chaos, when people in the city, in addition to relocation, there are tens of thousands of poor people, while the city is the banner forty or fifty thousand, no place to move. If aggrieved preservation, fear of the barbarians anger Flag people, must Tai raped. great time to ask the provincial capital, is excluding life and death, trying to Jimi, the real reasons for the provincial capital flag people ... "

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