Monday, September 26, 2011

1875 Annual Event: coastal and anti-Serbian dispute

This year, the emperor died of syphilis Tongzhi. Within the palace, the emperor was busy making all the signs of suffering from smallpox and ascended to heaven and evidence; Chodo on top of the Empire minister of state who are caught in a coastal defense and anti-Serbian dispute.
Argue against the backdrop of modern China border and coastal defense simultaneously huge crisis.
60-70 years of the 19th century, in addition to Hamilton, the corner is still Qing Balikun hands, in most parts of Xinjiang has been Yakub Beg forces occupied; 1871, the Russian name for the banner of imperial crusade to win Ili Yakub Beg, the then trying to use the same means to enter the Urumqi. Department of General Wing Yili full glimpse of Russia's true intentions: "not only in the request for re-currency, has not only usurped the Ili, Xinjiang will make the land are all there and then had been" called Qing troops in Xinjiang, Urumqi recovered powerhouse. August 1874, the Qing court ordered his troops exit Zuo, Qing Jiayuguan gathered before, ready to go.
At the same time, territorial waters in the southeast, the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874 with the underdog, but actually unable to force the Qing expulsion, Chan had to praise the Japanese invasion of Taiwan to "protect the people owed" to two in exchange for Japanese silver 500 000 Taiwan withdrawal end. "Coastal empty" feeling like exposed. In November, Prince Gong and other memorial requests funds to purchase armored coastal defense ship to strengthen. Court ordered Li, Shen Pao-chen and other river, coastal provinces, General proposed the matter in detail fifteen governors, one month deadline to come up conclusions.
However, financial limitations Qing, it is difficult taking into account the territorial waters of the southeast and northwest Miles Miles transport rates. In 1875, the court then minister of state are more important issues in the defense produced a huge difference. Later scholars have discussed this section, and many more for the coastal defense on the behalf of Li, head of the traitor; addition to the tang for the plug on the behalf of defense, praised it as a national hero.
Serbian Defense: Li never aired before "giving up in Xinjiang."

Published in 1985, "Tso Critical Biography" in 1875 so as coastal defense, anti-Serbian dispute characterization:
"Coastal defense and anti-Serbian dispute, neither the general policy differences, not simply as the two groups (Hunan University, Anhui University) factional struggles for power, but not to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, to Do not safeguard the fundamental interests of the Chinese major dispute, in essence, patriotism and betrayal of the struggle. "
Hu Sheng, published in 1981, "From Opium War to the May Fourth Movement," a book, have done the same qualitative:
"At that time, Li was the large number of national financial resources for the operation of his Northern Navy, so he strongly emphasized the importance of coastal defense, and the Northwest Frontier as an option. Tso in the northwestern region has a massive position, so that he can not attention to the problem in Xinjiang. In essence, the issue between them the differences in Xinjiang, in the face of the imperialist forces of oppression, what attitude problem. Tso's words and deeds on this issue is in line with the long-term interests of the patriotic Chinese manifestations. "and Li" can only be traitorous minions. "
Behind this characterization, it is clear that there will be divided into internal Qing Li, represented by the "coastal group" represented by Tso and to "plug anti-school" means two camps. After making this camp is divided, then the negative Li, Zuo sure. This position clear, appraise distinct dichotomy, in fact, education in modern Chinese history, the largest chronic illness.
In fact, there is no clear boundaries of what "coastal group" or "anti-Serbian faction." Minister of state participating in the debate of the court, no one to give up the coastal defense of the proposal or the plug, the focus of their argument, focused on the present conditions of limited financial resources, should be what is first.
Li's view is: "Xinjiang is no longer in physical strength without injury; territorial waters does not prevent, the hinterland of the scourge of the more spine," that "China's current force is less than the real lovers of the Western Regions." The specific programs are:
1, stopped soldiers. Recommended withdrawal of the court to stop and all along the Northwest has been prepared all along the troops, so that it "strictly existing borders, and the Tuen Mun and farming, without urgent plan ahead", the extra stop out of Xiangyin withdrawal, the diversion of coastal defense purposes.
2, operations. Li was later spread to give up more than slander Xinjiang, but its real business strategy in Xinjiang is: "pacify Ili and Urumqi, Kashgar and other back to the Emirates, the self as a quasi-tribes, such as Yunnan, Guizhou, the Miao-Yao toast, Vietnam, North Korea's Bong slightly our rules, "Li that, so you can either defeat the British, Russian annexation of the heart, the Chinese do not have to Lao Shi expedition, in fact," durable way. "
Leaving aside the feasibility of this program, but to put a Li "to give up on those in Xinjiang," hats, but apparently not necessarily respect the historical facts.
- Li proposed to operate in Xinjiang as "toast, such as Yunnan, Guizhou, the Miao-Yao, Vietnam, North Korea's Bong our rules a little," is the traitor was later accused of important evidence. But Lee's point of view the place of China in 1875, that time, the traditional "world view" is far from being modern "world view" replaced by Li in the context of "Vietnam", "North Korea", not the modern sense the sovereign state, but the traditional Chinese "world view" inside the vassal, it will "Vietnam", "North Korea" and the Chinese mainland's "Yunnan-Guizhou Miao-Yao toast of" par, you can see reflected. In other words, said Li never giving up in Xinjiang, his recommendations, the establishment of the Qing court in 1875's "world view" basis. This "world view" appears in today's seemingly absurd, but at the time, but it is trying to adhere to the orthodoxy of the imperial ideology.
The late Qing Dynasty to modern China, traditional Chinese difficult transition process, and indeed the late Qing Dynasty to modern people the traditional political philosophy and political philosophy transformation process. Li Hai Phong and plug in the battle against the views held by, is the product of this transformation process. Less than a day later the people understand the concept of Chaos and transition loss, and simply denounced Li as "traitors", of course, happy happy, but also sad too are deplorable.
By comparison, General Tso's opinion does not exist to understand the differences. Left because claim "East is Haiphong, then plug anti-West, the two both" and in future generations cringe, but in fact, Li and other so-called "coastal critics" do not argue that anti-plug is not important, but their differences existing financial conditions, the Serbian defense and coastal defense, who should give priority to processing only. With Li that the coastal crisis even worse, should focus on financial priorities for differences in the Tso view, eliminating the need for coastal ship acquisition and Guchuan cost of the fee, because Foochow Navy ships have been able to make, do not have to use West sign of Xiangyin; Furthermore, even if not west, and keep drawing in, it is impossible for the coastal province of Xiangyin use. As for Li-called crisis is more important than the western coastal border crisis point, the left has made discussion of the opposite, left the memorial, said: "heavy Xinjiang, it had insurance in Mongolia; Paul Mongolia, it had health capital."
Zuo Qing finally adopted the view that the so-called "plug both defense and coastal defense." Left also live up to expectations, successfully recovered Xinjiang, and therefore later than the tang rather than Li. But in Tso's glory behind, as well as Li's Mawei navy and has wiped out the northern naval shame, the so-called "plug both defense and coastal defense", is reflected in the number of levels, it is the tenth :1875-1884 years, the expedition and the plug 80 million for the two anti-military; 1875-1894 years, 20 years, raising total funds Haiphong two 42 million, of which more than half of the construction for the Navy, two of about 10 million used for other purposes by the Qing .
Hai Phong: origin of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan, they misread the anti-Japanese

1874, Japan signed the "Beijing special section", for Japanese withdrawal from Taiwan, the Li in a letter to the Shen Pao-chen's description of himself in such a state of anxiety for Haiphong:
"Younger brother is still in early proposed, fan the victim Okinawans, non-Japanese, but also kill kill Jin consular case, the priest, the plot a little heavy, find it difficult to scale. Jinnai to pension costs on behalf of soldiers, too little damage state system, louder Bandits. If the soldier from the start or end of that, regardless of the outcome, coastal and riverside Mi Fei, Xi Chi tens of millions, as a mere back-gu, to stay its more than another preparation Haiphong, forbearance plans small angry little far, suppression is also the gentlemen concerned The heart tonight? to not bridge, and to still be chasing, like I monarch down from hardships, seek self-improvement strategy, not as the book goes before the Administration, something is urgent remedial plans, things still do play entertaining over the ears! "
Japan in order to soldiers trend micro few dare to invade Taiwan, but this actually unable to force the Qing's tough response, apparently caused a huge impact on Li. Previously, Li and Japanese envoy that he had in the light of the negotiations before Yanagihara inadvertently reveal the power of their own guilty conscience Haiphong: "Today this way, the Chinese civil and military officials refused to accept that women and children are satisfied with the Chinese people more than 18 provinces, desperately fight, you villain few places in Japan, be able to support any. a real man always doing things above board, though military line deception, and the two military forces, the subject always first to say it, the so-called straight division is strong also. "- Yang Yang power, to bring more people to the point of scaring people, it is also a lot of money glory.
Chinese invasion of Taiwan to the Japanese coastline, thousands of miles without Haiphong naked reality exposed. Participate in the discussion of Qing Hai Phong in 1875 minister of state is basically the Japanese are aware of the potential threat to China. For example, a core member of Yamen Wenxiang scholar, that the memorial to the court where the heads of Japan's defense as a priority, Wenxiang said:
"Japan and Fujian and Zhejiang Yiwei navigable, Shidori used to go back on, This time retreat, that is, without the change, can not guarantee it will be no troubles, especially those who may be considered, he changed the country in recent years, the old system, a large loss of people. Rebel fan mob, once collapse, the coastal areas of the mouth, Jiji worrying. the next quarter of the Japanese patients, the lesson before the car. "
Wenxiang point of view, it is 1875, "Coastal commentators" who recognize the paradox - Japan, China foreign aggression Wenxiang concerns, but to deny the success of the Meiji Restoration, and that it is the failure of reform will lead to a large number of Turkey mob in exile in Japan, leading to chaotic situation like the late Ming and Japanese reproduction.
Wenxiang of this view than the exception.
The former governor of Jiangsu Ting also Meiji Restoration in Japan held a negative attitude, in response Yamen on coastal and plug anti controversial letter, the Ding said, "Japan's more our rules, easily dressed" is a failure of the move, "as the know are stolen laugh also. "
Jiangxi governor Liu Kun-yi will be compared to the Japanese monarch King Wuling of Zhao, called because of the reform "to make people smell their financial worries, death can be established," and therefore are very worried about Japan because of the implication of subjugation of the risk of China - "the first dog to recover from illness death, it is inevitable Stanford toxic to people. "
Fujian Provincial Governor Wang Kaitai in to the court of the memorial where also rejected Japan's reforms: "the decree, to speak of the generals, specifically relies on China's copper business trade to good at economic rights since through the West country, the generals can not master their rights and interests of Westerners take away. Naifu reform the old chapter, from the Westerners. and materialistic exploitation of the poor can not support a few, so desperate, Xing-bing interference Taiwan. critics claims that civil strife will be, will ultimately be failure and destruction. "
Among the various minister of state, only Li's view was more in line with the actual. Wenxiang memorial, Lee then also a memorial, memorial amended Wenxiang fallacy. Lee said:
"The country in recent years to change the old system, fan against the people, Wen first visited quite a small bucket, peace and quiet for a long time also its change of dress, easy to our rules, each is ridiculed by those who know, and then change habits such as Western art of war, fake railway, train, purchase telegraph, coal iron ore, since the cast Yang Qian, on the livelihood of the nation is not without interest, and send more students to go to Western countries to study device arts, and more by foreign debt, with the Englishman dark gangs aid, its potential on sheets, which go rather small. dominated the lands east and therefore dare defy China, Taiwan has made the move glimpse. "
Finally, Li concluded that: the West, although strong, is still seven miles away, near the wide door of an inner Japan, wait my actual situation, honesty is always the big concern for China.
But unfortunately, this is not at the date of Li Qing top intellectuals and mainstream consensus, high-level view of the Qing court has as mentioned above, based on Japan's threat to deny the basis of its reform; as intellectual level, Chen Yuan's view is quite representative. In the "Japan in recent thing in mind", Chen Duiming governance reform has done so described:
"To the person, the king change his two years in Japan, the country in seventy-two Island, the island is out of the princes of the main. Usurp the Emperor before the country spent their king, and cut the island's sovereignty. Island main suspect lost the handle, adherents of remembering build anger, often hope if anything happens, Cheng Xi Li from. He dusk come to their senses, yet complex Korea blame, change suits in the country, effectively made the West, book burning political reform. so inconvenience the whole country, everyone thought disorder. "
Chen Yuan in Jiangsu and Zhejiang coast as early long-term magistrate, resign after traveling wide. Longitudinal case, continue to be confused with the Emperor and the shogunate, the Meiji Restoration as a mere change of government, and thus negated the reform of Japan's modernization. Established on the basis of this understanding of "coastal defense" theory, natural right direction, but too many of its meaning absurd.

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