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| Court: as long as the boat can save the Ryukyus, everything is good to discuss |
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News of the Japanese annexation of Okinawa Qing impact mainly in two aspects: First, the Chinese tributary system as the core of East Asia face the challenges of modern foreign concept; Second, Hu Shi in Russia the bad situation in Xinjiang, China's foreign policy to tangle with the Okinawa problem together.
[Heru Zhang: pre-emptive use of force for peace]
Qing and Japan in direct negotiations on the issue of Okinawa began envoy in Japan Heru Zhang. In 1875, Japan prohibit Okinawa into the Gong in China, banned by the Chinese and Feng China for the canonization of our rules, requiring its practitioners the Meiji reign, to comply with the Japanese legal system, to allow Japan to send troops garrison. The following year, secretly sent people to China to Okinawa for help to no avail. 1877, Heru Zhang to envoy in Japan as Japan became, in Japan, Okinawa officials made to any help. In the same year, Heru Zhang began negotiations with the Japanese Ryukyu problem. |
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The main advice is what the Japanese firm. In the letter in the domestic, has repeatedly stressed that any pre-emptive strike, saying that "today's uncertain domestic situation, force is not strong", with Zheng Heng, there are chances of winning; if the "Tolerance of capacity, raising tiger inflating", in future, regret .
And domestic do-patriotic talk clean the "tough" different, He Ruzhang behind this position, has a deep analysis of the situation in Japan. In his view, the Japanese will not go to war with the Qing, for four reasons: 1, much worse off than Japan's national strength of China, China National income is less than three Wu floating corner; 2, after the Meiji Restoration, Japan's debt, if the war shall be to cash to the Western countries to purchase arms, the Japanese unable to make the bricks without straw; 3, the Japanese military strength is not enough, standing army, but 3.2 million people, the Navy less than 4000, warships and more rotten lost bear travel ...; 4, Japan, civil strife frequently, weakness of foreign war .
It should be said, in addition to a description of Japan's low arms is not accurate enough, the other cases was roughly in line with Japan's domestic status quo. Financial crisis, Nobles, peasants often armed insurrection, political instability in Japan, really unable to cope with a real foreign war.
Japanese diplomatic sources have also shared the same view. Japan in Tianjin consul bamboo add further suggested the Japanese government "categorically abandoned and war, the pressure in order to soldiers, Wei served the Qing Empire, concluding the new treaty, so that our possession of full rights," but its true reasons for the recommendations is: full of clear war, financially unable to support, and prevent the clear-Japanese trade; therefore a real good way of "virtual war of Zhang momentum" to yield to the Qing empire. In other words, Japan and the Qing government unable to go to war knowing, but hoping to bluff, intimidation effect of the Qing court charge.
[Li: District of war tribute a small country, is to win fame and unnecessary move]
And Heru Zhang urged the Japanese tough different Li's views are:
"China by the Ryukyu tributary, the non-Italian, if not by their contribution to protect their country, the light solid for the Asian countries; if professionals rely pen tongue, with the theory, but today the recent move, just as to the book, the so-called rogue Wang, deeds of mad dogs, fear not my range. Ruozai power phase angle, a small country a mere war of tribute, retreats, name and wash away a little, Fei Wei too busy, and also unnecessary. "
Lee's implication is not necessary for the sake of fame leaving the country tributary Okinawa suffered unnecessary losses. Li appears in Okinawa since the late Ming started with both China and Japan Satsuma maintained tributary relations, but the Qing, this relationship has not actually loose tribute interests, therefore, Li said: "Even if no contribution from non- seal, no country on the severity of the original package can be generous, "" Okinawa is located in the side corner, is still indispensable. "
Therefore, deal with Li's views than Heru Zhang to "moderate" is much more. He has provided treatment to the court on the issue of Okinawa in the next three policy: the best way is to "advance troop questioned Okinawa,, sign it into tribute shows to compete for Japan"; the second choice is "According to Li, the next order of about Okinawa The attack from Japan will show to save "; worst is" repeated debate, Xu enlighten, if not orders, or to aid law of nations responsible for phase correction, or about national envoys with evaluation, which will only be on. "Li Finally, choose the worst, hope in the "law of nations" and unwilling to take "radical" measures:
"If the words do not listen, and then by sub-Mindanao (Heru Zhang) assistance to national associations of public law minister, declare righteous. All the inhibition, although not necessarily help me to Japan, while Japanese students will consider national heart, not to destroy the country and of its sulfur places. "
[Guo Songtao: Ryukyu tributary exemptions to protect their independence]
Okinawa occasion of the demise, because praise from Western democracies have been lifted toward the head of the literati traitor, traitor's completely accurate, just under pressure to quit the post of Minister in London to return to China. In a letter to the letters in Li, Guo expressed his views on the matter and deal with comments:
"Japan only change the ball for the county, as modifications before the meeting when the small, but must be waived to pay tribute to whom the base, side mobilized to protect Okinawa envoy in conjunction with the national minister, listen to his own"; "does not make China pay tribute, to pay tribute not so in Japan, Okinawa has long been subservient to China, China should host the meeting in order to protect Okinawa for righteousness, and lack of competition tribute. "
To sum up, completely accurate advice is: remove the Ryukyu tributary of China, the lifting of the relationship between vassal, to make it independent.
Li could not agree more, sent a letter to Prime Minister Yamen support completely accurate, that the Okinawa pay tribute, even if the court does not take the initiative to relief, if ultimately Ryukyu independence, will pay tribute relief is Biranzhishi. With passive relief, anti-active relief as so, then neither injury decent country, but also save a lot of disputes, to maintain the Ryukyu independence.
[The court: if save Ryukyu boat, let the Japanese "one equitably" powers interests in China]
In 1880, Tim on the bamboo into Koizumi to China to discuss the Okinawa incident, that "change points around the island" program. Under this program, the barren Okinawa Miyako, Yaeyama transferred to China, in exchange, China should allow the Japanese "one equitably" to enjoy the rights of other countries in China.
February 1881 the first two days, the Qing court promulgated the Edict of transaction processing Okinawa, which is equivalent to the relevant staff is a guidance document. Edict, said: "... an original proposal for the Japanese business one equitably without the Charter, Jin Yu Zhang for assistance about the West country, the original non-essential is not feasible, but the case for the case of the ball into the sky, China to save the ball as the most important, If, as the proposed division of the two islands, keep the ball in the Si layer is room properly, the premier national affairs in Japan envoy again carefully Yamen proper business, as soon as the ball properly end the case, business can be proposed from the line. "
Edict of the subject matter is that Okinawa is the key to solve the problem, "keep the ball worship", that is: If the Okinawa Japan to meet this condition of recovery, then they require a "one equitably" to enjoy rights in China, other countries, but also can negotiable.
According to the Edict of Yamen then the spirit, and Japan agreed on a special section, said: "The boundaries set out after the pre-unrelated to each other forever, Shu managed to keep the ball after how China, Japan, no say over."
Okinawa court seems to think that the end of the event is the best option, both to avoid the worsening of relations between China and Japan, but also can make the crucial imperial political system, the "tributary system" part from the impact. However, Li seems, under the tributary system, no sovereign state in name value, but the Japanese, "one equitably" to enjoy in other countries, like China's interests, then the inevitable havoc far - not to mention, so split the Ryukyu Islands, on the China, is inviting defense burden, even if the Zionist Okinawa in Japan can not survive under the threat. Lee's insistence, the court to agree to Japan's "one equitably" powers in exchange for interests in China's plan to save the boat Ryukyu suspension.
After negotiations stalled: Li an Italian adhere to save the Ryukyu Kingdom, repeatedly stressed that China and Japan make no territorial issue in Okinawa interest demands, calling for the return of the Ryukyu Ryukyu royal family's rule or local rule; but only to the Japanese annexation of Okinawa, the Ryukyu The existence of the country will not tolerate, add the bamboo into a letter to Li, tough, said: "the central complex owned by the National Ryukyu king, the country can not come from."
Occurred around the issue of Sino-Russian Ili up diplomatic friction, the Japanese took the opportunity to blackmail, in Japan and the Japanese Minister Li Shu-chang agreed without a "good of the" Okinawa problem: Japan is still considered fair in Okinawa for the country, let's tribute is still China, canonized one, and Tingri to Okinawa Prefecture is located, within reason of its rule, released back to yet for the magistrate's office, children and grandchildren hereditary. But the Japanese statement is intended to exclusive. "
Li glance this "rehabilitation measures" absurd: Ryukyu Zionist nature is the best, but the king renamed the Ryukyu Ryukyu magistrate, even if the "hereditary", and not independent but What's the difference? Japan's desire to cheat, but Okinawa is a Japanese exclusive for the Qing court in a paper statement. |
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| Civil: loss of a sovereign state can not be decent |
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Modern newspapers such as the "declaration", "North China Herald," the emergence of a release to the public opinion of space, making the death of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan such a big incident, in the lower intellectuals can express their views, but is no longer a silent majority.
[Meeting resistance tribute: do not believe that Japan will make a decent things beneath the sovereign state]
Okinawa Japan in 1875 to pay tribute to prevent China, March 31, 'declared' published an editorial article, "On the Japanese Ryukyu tribute to the Chinese claim some kind," repeated the baseless assertion that the news is. At that time, Western newspaper reports claim the Japanese Ryukyu Yamen to the Prime Minister to pay tribute gift to China, editorial scoffed, saying the move Zu Yi Yi Xiao through the ages, "Although Japan is stupid, off Buchu an unwise move."
Turned to "declare", said: If this is true, then Japan is a very large loss of decency, courtesy inclusion totally against the powers of a small country road. |
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The editorial said: China and Japan belong to the sovereign state of Okinawa, since it is the sovereign state, sovereign state on the way there, a small state Shangqie less than compassionate, went so far as recourse tribute, difficult to Okinawa, it is unbearable.
This editorial was in fact represent the views of most domestic literati, namely: limited to the traditional Chinese imperial military system, look at the Ryukyu event, and thus to the requirements of traditional Chinese imperial military system is initiated and the impact of Japanese aggression. Obviously, the establishment of the cognitive basis of this criticism, have been abandoned imperial military system, the positive relationship between the transformation of the modern state of Japan is concerned, there is no effect.
[Paul Okinawa: Ryukyu China as a sovereign state can not show weakness in the human]
Japan's military annexation of Okinawa, the "declaration" article published in a lot of talk, call Paul Okinawa are most welcome. For example, May 28, 1879 issue of "discussion with solid fundamental thick Ping Fan," a text that is that Paul is actually protect Okinawa Korea, Paul Northeast:
"Okinawa and in Japan and China will never inquired about the arrogance of the Japanese more sheets, the more bile Zhi Zhuang already sealed turn East West Gu, Korea is no mere sweeping of hard cover and carry on, Sri Lanka, how can the islands when Liaoshen high pillow The worry-free peace? "
Asked "guarantee" the island and a loud voice, but the reason for more on the issue of sovereign dignity, December 6, 1979 issue of "difficult people reading the Ryukyu approved pension off the book" a text that said:
"Okinawa's surrender and the DPRK is not a bad idea deferential, once the merger and its powerful neighbor Stanford no move is too weakness in people, and the usual reason for mercy in Okinawa, original fan want to serve overseas as a permanent phase and good Emperor Ling of the widely known to show. ".
[Abandoned Okinawa: the choice between Russia and Japan as allies of Japan]
Relative to the protection of high emotional Okinawa, Ryukyu abandoned the voice is small, but seem to have more "rational." April 22, 1879 published an editorial article, "Evolution of Okinawa," the proposition that the issue of Okinawa ignored. The reasons are:
(1) Okinawa has always been poor and weak, long controlled by the Japanese, even if China continues to pay tribute, in essence, is still Japan's possessions and spheres of influence.
(2) China has always been for the founding of the Road with tolerance, why not be an issue between Okinawa and Japan as the conflict between the barbarians. Have called for the "state system of customs, China humble in Okinawa's case, had sent troops Wang Yuan," retorted the article: In recent years the Russian occupation of Ili I, We still do now with tolerance, not to mention that beyond the reach of the Ryukyu overseas vassal?
(3) Japan annexed Okinawa is unjust act, other countries will be protests from Okinawa will not stand still.
In 1880, China and Russia as a serious diplomatic crisis Yili problems, joint Russian-Japanese refused to give up the voice of Okinawa risen. For example, March 18, 1880 "declaration" published an editorial article, "together from the Middle East, said," that is advocated to give up in exchange for the Okinawa-Japan alliance, the editorial said:
"Asia to the Middle East there is mutual assistance between the two countries the trend, the so-called auxiliary car dependency common lot, of which the East that also the two countries together are enough potential resisting foreign aggression, but can preserve the overall situation in Asia, not relative to the potential between points, and others to take the room into the room, this solid trend of Zhangmingjiaozhu were also ... ... (Okinawa) to small and decent about the two of those very large, it had to fight, while I do not know the speaker is neither for the degree of trial, husband today's times and the overall situation in Asia were also, Tangdi the poem reads: Xiong Dixi insult on their wall ... ... Imperial Russia today have to break the shape, the Middle East there is no tendency to frame only, by this time also, the cut off its small frustrations The co-operative, its situation is still enough to resist the Russian ... ... homes Ryukyu not fight, but a little loss of dignity in the Middle East, and there is no serious problem in the global ... ... Song of Shimo do not want to head out the storm together to resist the Middle East, Russia, and not a mere Okinawa and set the matter for the suspected global expense Asia. "
[Very court: Support Save the Ryukyu government, at war with Japan]
Qing court promulgated the Edict of dealing with the problem after Okinawa, won the enthusiastic support of public opinion. "Declaration" April 25, 1881, published the article entitled "The second day of February Edict Christine would like to read the book," the editorial article, public foreign policy of the Edict of court support.
The article said that if the Ryukyu Zionist, you may wish to agree the Japanese in the business side ("one equitably") requirements, to demonstrate the heavenly sovereign "tolerance degree"; if Okinawa not only can not re-countries, and Japan but also more than blackmail , then the court battle with Japan only making determined efforts to recover the land by force to help Okinawa.
The author's attitude is clear even tougher than the court, and very optimistic that the war of the win: "lambasting the teacher confidently, the odds must be alone when speaking persons; EGL recently Indebted Hill plot, Bing Yang, gas is not the boat is spacious and bear , soldiers, although strong, but not filled, to be reasonable song discouraged imperial why me? "This strong and optimistic, in fact, exactly what most people - specifically, mostly lower middle class intellectuals of the general mentality.
But the court has no intention to respond to public opinion support. Court to finalize the deal with the principle of "delay" - meaning you want a Japanese annexation of Okinawa, the Qing court and it can not give up the sovereign's face despite the demise of the Ryukyus, and are unable to prevent the conquest, diplomacy is a chaotic, neither compromise the compromise . Especially in border areas in China, Russia often trouble, endangering the community, Qing still hopes the common alliance against the West and Japan, and Russia does not want the incident in Okinawa and Japan complete odds. All the indecisive result is the court decided to adopt a "delay" of the policy, the Ryukyu event which has been delayed even further. Japan to maintain the fact that the occupation of Okinawa, but has failed to achieve its imperial recognition of the legitimacy of occupied Okinawa. Scots to defeat Jiawu Qing, the "legitimacy recognized" for Japan, and finally lost its meaning. |
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