1874 Annual Event: Japanese invasion of Taiwan

December 1871, the Ryukyu emissary routinely tribute to the Qing court, the way a storm, the boat lost direction, and drift to the southern Taiwan, in conflict with the local Gaoshan people, 54 people were killed and 12 people with the help of the local Han Chinese out of danger transferred to Fuzhou, the latter owned by the Qing court sent to Okinawa. In 1872, the Japanese Ryukyu coercion as its "internal fan", "canonization" is still Thai Military Governors for the Ryukyu Islands. 1873, Fukushima, Japan, Foreign Minister Chen kinds of line in China, in exchange for the Day "fix rule" as a cover to spy on the Qing court recognized the reality of Taiwan's sovereignty, bullying Fushi Yanagihara front light hair Chang Hee Yamen ministers do not understand modern Western "sovereignty" concept, earn between words "Shengfan apart, smth poor governance," the word, then twisted in eastern Taiwan "Fanshe" non-Chinese sovereignty over all, in May 1874 by the Admiral led from the Road, Xixiang to 1871, "the Japanese people (in fact the Ryukyu people)" is "Sheng Fan," killing ground, the rate of four warships and more than 3600 army and navy officers and men, to attack Taiwan.

Smug: Qing digging yourself without knowing Japanese invasion of Taiwan's excuse is that "gu no main theory", is about to Qing officials expressed "Shengfan apart, smth poor governance," the word, misinterpreted as "gu no master", non-Chinese territory, it can, according to Japan with them. This course is sophistry. But the Japanese government this sophistry, there are historical roots can be traced - 1867 In February, the U.S. merchant "Rover number" in the ocean east coast of Taiwan crash, landing officer for the local "Shengfan" killed. U.S. Consul General in Xiamen, Fujian and Zhejiang Charles Williain Le Gendre to find the Governor's office to negotiate, Qing local officials to shirk responsibility, namely that the local Tufan "non-return king" of the argument. Le Gendre local officials can not be recognized by the Qing court's evasive words, blame and said: "Two hundred years, the activities of the Chinese people in Taiwan region, with Taiwan, the Chinese government facilities and executive powers, from the West Bank as well as the east coast, and gradually expanded, in fact, never admitted Shengfan obtain sovereignty over its land, now living in the West Bank residents, traders often buy Shengfan area property, and Shengfan region produced camphor, and a Taiwan official's monopoly product, not an outsider free sourcing output, then the strict line of punishing offenders, is not a so-called Shengfan areas under the jurisdiction of China argument, there is no real basis. " Negotiate directly with Le Gendre town of Fujian and Taiwan Chief General Liu light, Fujian and Taiwan, said Wu Dating political science, in the memorial for the matter to court, said that in the beginning: "(Shengfan land) Bird Road gut, Qing deep, dense forests, deserted by the Han to the unsolicited, but also the territory of which have not received my set of soil toward the cattle ban, strict access to the defense, so brutal and heavy Ji lives, the intention solid have far-reaching. " These popular traditional Chinese "world view" influence, while the modern world "territorial sovereignty" ignorant of the concept of local officials who smugly think they have found a very good reason for shirking responsibility for the incident, so the memorial in wishful thinking that: "Special people Africa, China and China, to non-oriented, the grams daily chart success, extremely difficult to be hand, quasi-reasonable degree of intelligence, foreigners would also be conducted forgive me." Things finally caught the Yamen. After consultation, the Prime Minister did not deny the Yamen to negotiate the wording of parts of Fujian and Zhejiang, Fujian and Zhejiang but confidential letter instructed the relevant officials, especially emphasized Taiwan's "Sheng Fan," the ownership of the territory of the region: "Notice to Shengfan though not legal to rope, the Department of Chinese to study the ground, and the consuls debate, still not revealing the non-Chinese territory, said that foreign life heart." In Yamen in political discourse: 1, Taiwan's "Sheng Fan" area is "China on the ground", no doubt the Chinese territory; 2, "Sheng Fan" did not return "King" and not under the jurisdiction of Chinese laws, "Sheng Fan." Both can co-exist satisfactorily, and the latter is not the negation of the former. The former is similar to the modern Western "territorial sovereignty declaration"; the latter is based on the traditional Chinese "world view." - In the traditional "world view" system, a master but "this world, Wang soil," the central dynasty since ancient center of civilization as. From the center outward radiation, according to "civilized" the different levels, there are different levels. Followed, including: its native land, to keep the country's Xinjiang Fan, Miao, Yi and local chieftains; on behalf of the keep door, four American vassal tribute to concede defeat; vassal, the land is unknown. The classic description is: China ranks among the world, ranking the world's Shii side. Yi Rong and Di of China and quite a total of five parties of the people "the world" cohabitation "universal." This "world view" where there is no specific territorial boundaries, all as the "civilized" level may be. In 1683, the Qing court to include Taiwan in the territory after its "barbarian" policy has always been based on this "world view" concept - the territory of the island of Taiwan corporations, but taught the people by the degree level, is divided people, Fan two; "barbarians" was divided into two kinds: 1, "within its secluded mountain educate those who have not served as Shengfan"; 2, "the mixed ground, those who abide by the laws served as a cooked barbarians." The former is a "barbarian" The latter shall be satisfied that the "savage soldier," enlightenment reach of the court, "Sheng Fan" can be the "raw barbarians" transformation. This compilation people - mature savages - Shengfan classification governance approach, and are derived from the "Outsider", "based in" political discourse, are based on the degree of enlightenment reach of the boundaries of etiquette, nothing to do with boundaries. Therefore, the Qing view, the eastern part of Taiwan, "gu" described as "the king did not return" and "Shengfan completely apart," there is nothing wrong, but it is worth learning can be regarded as a "successful negotiations." U.S. Consul General Le Gendre, but they can not "forgive me." Qing officials he could not understand the "world view" can only be "(gu) did not return the king" of local officials in the Qing court understood sophistry: "gu, non-Chinese territory, so the Chinese crew members responsible for Fanren kill U.S. . " In Le Gendre view, this way of shirking responsibility, is absolutely ridiculous.

Ulterior motives: Japan to play the old imperial "world view" Rover incident eventually Le Gendre and Taiwan agreed to conclude their own local Tufan ended, the Qing court thinks himself clever, in which a faceless as the "guarantor" role. As everyone knows, has strongly demanded the Qing court acknowledged that Taiwan's "gu" sovereign Le Gendre, after this event, which get started up with the "Taiwan-gu no main theory", in Taiwan many times as needed to collect various data. Not in their plans after the U.S. government's support in favor of employed Japanese government. Le Gendre submitted to the Japanese government in the first memo that described his "Taiwan-gu no main theory": "If the Chinese Government itself found the island, it can be said by the Chinese Government itself has abandoned the island in the Qing government to impose on the part of the fabric of political and religious of the Islanders, then stands to reason that the government should also clear the other part of the jurisdiction, but the Qing Dynasty In fact the Government has not come up with valid evidence. " Long-term in Japan by Chinese culture, he argued, clearly understand the Qing court's "world view" concept, a time when it is this "world" part - Jiajingnianjian, missionaries, Christian Xavier tried to naturalized in Japan, but but was rejected, the reasons for the Japanese is: "If Christianity is indeed the true religion, then the intelligent Chinese people will certainly know it and accept it." This makes later came to a profound understanding of Eastern Ricci: To go of the East, must be naturalized in China. Fully aware of the traditional Chinese "world view" of Japan, the overall Westernization after the Meiji Restoration. Ever since before the Qing court in that capacity has become a huge advantage: they understand the Western concept of modern diplomacy, they also fully conscious of the imperial tradition of "diplomatic concept of" all kinds of loopholes, and with all the modern Western concept of diplomatic conflict place. How to use this advantage to a profit in the Qing court who became, after the Meiji Restoration government the most important task. Seikanron and seize Okinawa in the early 1870s in Japan, rampant. Taiwan naturally can not be spared. February 1873, the Japanese government appointed as deputy minister plenipotentiary Island kinds of mission to China, the nominal exchange with China, "Sino-Japanese Amity." The time, the Qing court because the issue of foreign envoys audience etiquette bruised and battered, for some naive political goodwill, deputy minister was allowed to the island species together with the national audience with the Emperor Tongzhi diplomats, but also by the Qing court's exceptional courtesy, not only did not line bow ceremony, and even ministers who did not like the same line five countries bow. The Qing court's intention is simply that Japan and China, other Asian, should be close to each other against the Western countries; Furthermore, the Japanese in the "world" within the Japanese envoys of the audience to raise the status, it is equivalent to belittle Western countries envoy position. But does not know that, after the Meiji Japan, has long been out of "the world", into the world. Island species of vice minister trip and more With the Japanese annexation of Okinawa and the occupation of Taiwan's secret intentions of taking political excuse. This "political ammunition" in the acquisition, dependent on the Japanese envoys also familiar with the traditional Chinese "world view" and the modern Western "worldview." During the deputy ambassador to the island I did not mention the matter of Okinawa and Taiwan, so as to avoid imperial guard; while low-light before the sending Fushi Yanagihara to Yamen, reminding us of scenes casually question people in Okinawa in 1871 Taiwan was killed by the Tibetan events. Yamen ministers hair Chang Hee, Dong Xun and answered: "'aboriginal' people killed Okinawa people, we already know, killing your people have never heard of. Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, two island all my territory, the natives are killed each other, the ruling I am completely in the right I pension Okinawa people, renew, own, and your country ware, and take the trouble to say? " This has been quite decent Zhefan answer. However, Yanagihara continue to "argue" Okinawa is Japanese territory, but also questioned the Qing, "since we know that pension Okinawa person, but why not punish Taiwan, Fan Ren," Mao Chang-hee, who answers inevitably began to move toward "world view" of tilt - Mao replied: "killing seven men are 'raw Fan', and set it's apart, smth poor governance. Japan 'Ezo', the United States 'red fan', are not satisfied with the king of, which is also when the nations of the There. " In the Qing, "home of the uncivilized, smth poor governance" and "world view system" under the political vocabulary; not know Japanese, but the real need, they deliberately place it into the modern "world system" under the understanding, So it becomes: Ching-gu, eastern Taiwan, no recognition of the master. The negotiations affect the scope, but also led to some comments made outside court. These statements, they just need to Japan. For example, April 5, 1873 Shanghai, "declared" carried a signed "Lingnan Liantang students" a manuscript, basically represents the majority of lower middle class scholar who was the general view. "Lingnan LT students", said: "Cover the Taiwan area, although the Department of the Chinese land, and the Taiwan government is a sector, ranking the island border. As Shengfan, then they stayed indoors and the Mainland; although referred to Taiwan, is a real non-Taiwan government can control it. And Shengfan pretty class, human nature is not convincing, does not enter the King of, not my towards the people; and hinder Turkey Yan Ho! " One of the "nothing king" and "not my people towards" other words, is the heart of the Japanese combined. However, in the "Lingnan LT students" meant, but does not involve issues of national boundaries, are referred to the cultural level. Two cross each other, conflicting "world knowledge system" and its derivatives out of the different diplomatic rules of the game, easily manipulated by the Japanese government in the hands, and the Qing government and the whole country actually notice it. Have this bedding, February 6, 1874, the Japanese government passed the "Taiwan aboriginal land disposition Chamber", organized on April 11 invasion of Taiwan, it is called: "Taiwan Sheng Fan expedition." "Chamber" highlighted in the 1873 mission, deputy minister made the island species of "diplomatic achievements": "Taiwan Tufan tribes, the Qing government for the land regime is less than its evidence to see the Qing Dynasty with the line laid down in the books among the unsolicited , and the current minister of any kind of Senate, Vice island occasion to make clear the answer Qing Ting Guanli language, in particular, obviously, so it as No Man's land, with good reason. is the revenge killing of the sin of the people of my vassal Okinawa, the Japanese Empire obligations, and Zheng Fan of justice, this can be obtained mainly based. "

Outsiders awoke: Qing suddenly realized the real intention of Japan Japan sent troops to Taiwan soon, Taiwan, Fujian and Zhejiang Governor Road in the file to actually matter to the weight placed in the "Office of Changhua Liu destroy bandit" after the incident, saying: "Mutan boundary line is a fan, since he like to do to destroy , I hardly prohibited. "Although the victory will be worried about the Japanese entrenched Fan She does not go, but given the disposition of the proposal was still negative," but to calm all at the. " Naturally, this is the Japanese imperial desired response, local officials did not realize that the Taiwan issue concerns China's sovereignty over the territory of eastern Taiwan gu. Until May, the Qing court was insight into the true intentions of Japan. Discuss the Japanese "barbarian" command will send troops to Taiwan from the Road Xixiang note sent straight years at the Fujian and Zhejiang Governor Li He, Li met unexpectedly tough fight. Lee on May 11 consecutive days after the note from Xixiang Road, said: "Church headquarters to search the whole of Taiwan, long-scribe our territory. Although the indigenous cooked their remaining fan of the other, then practice with the wool-eating soil has been two hundred years. ... Charles law of nations goes: Where the Xinjiang in plants, animals, people , Sri Lanka, whether raw land, self-outsiders, supposedly where the law are under the jurisdiction of Angelica. ... Accordingly, the bar, then Taiwan is Chinese territory, Shengfan be owned by the Chinese under, when the jurisdiction of the Chinese law, do not listen to any more upon the country to seek. hereby Japan will note, was killed in Taiwan Sheng Fan Qiang wind refugees, ordered shuaibing depth-gu, bearing in mind the fierce first, as a punishment in Shengfan Diego boast fierce storm, killing innocent people, ie to China's law, nor the will to punish, but to prime the whole of Taiwan is China, Japan and the government did not allow for what Yamen for business, runoff system soldiers went to the line of life, both with the law of nations violation, but also with Tongzhi for about ten years within the first two sub-second. " Li He was tough attitude of a sudden, originated from Western countries for reminding me of the Qing: The first is the British Ambassador Wade wrote on April 18, Yamen, informed regarding the imperial Japanese troops in Taiwan and in the letter asked, "Shengfan place to live, whether scribe into the Chinese territory"; later, the British, Envoys of France and the Secretary General of the Yamen to Hart also has to ask Taiwan Shengfan the habitats, and whether the Chinese territory. Of particular importance is the United Kingdom through the diplomatic envoys from the British ambassador's message to the Chinese Parkes informed: "According to Japan, said the views within the Taiwan Island from somewhere Dinan, neither scribe within the territory of China." Wade stressed that the Qing court recognized sovereignty over Taiwan-gu, and the United Kingdom for the diplomatic approach is closely related to the matter. If China believes that the gu does not belong to Chinese territory, the British government sent troops to Taiwan, Japan, the British people to help without any restrictions; if the Qing court recognized that Taiwan belongs to China's territory, the British government banned the British people in Taiwan regarding the Japanese troops. France and the United States to hold opinions, and the UK are broadly similar. Edge of this, the Qing court in the Edict issued May 14, declared: "Shengfan place, jurisdiction of the Department of Chinese territory, can we allow Japan's watching." Shen Pao-chen with a lead ship and sent troops to patrol read the name to Taiwan students Fan area look "calm and collected, organized the camera." Li He was tough on May 11 note, and later the Edict of exactly the same spirit. Britain, France, the United States are Asian countries also note the Qing court, that the behavior of Japan will not support. However, Li He was apparently still not very clear understanding of the territorial sovereignty of the mass. The later a memorial back to the "world view" where "gu is not a sector," the old tune: "Easy to open but easy to read while blood in sacrifice Mi, gu hinterland, differentiated study, if the Japanese soldiers scrambling into the Taiwan hinterland, from the road when the Governor ordered the town to encourage Corps, together blocking destroy. If only to kill Killing in the name of the Ryukyu refugees with health Fan revenge, but when the press about the theory, do not hurry to discuss the sound caused by the crime, so as not to open the blood in sacrifice of self. " This "gu", "hinterland" of the distinction, but inevitably distorted by the Japanese as "gu, no masters." Therefore, Yamen was re-released on June 5 Edict, severe stress: "Although the home-gu shortage of clothes, study scribe Chinese territory, the harm Japan refugees, when listening was flat for China, Japan, Xing-bing He was suddenly Seoul, Yi immigration invasion. It is claimed that the country only with Shengfan revenge, not disturbing the hinterland, then Listen to his very touch-horse race, will be despised by foreign, rehabilitation coveted. Solid blood in sacrifice is not open-ended, more system must not be lost. but when you press the Governor about the theory, so back to the soldiers stop to London and good, no different from the gu hinterland is also listen to their reckless behavior. " "World view" where "gu", "hinterland" must be subordinated to the concept of "world view" under the territorial sovereignty. This is a Qing Chinese territory of Taiwan is most clearly expressed, after the defeat of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan, has played a crucial role.