1877 Annual Event: Adulteress Beijing to overturn the case of cabbage

This year, a dramatic Zhejiang official personnel earthquake, since the next governor YANG Chang-Chun, a large number of local officials sacked. The source of the event, dating back to 1873, a curb Plaza Hangzhou Yuhang County man died suddenly in connection with GE products. Four years later, the normal death, turned into "Late four injustice," the first of the "fre" case, and the late Qing legal system exposed the internal logic of the operation: (1) even if local officials do not intend initiative to create injustice, but the system itself will have the ability to create injustice; (2) living in the judicial system under the local officials, then generally do not care about facts of the case; (3) the judicial system , for the miscarriage of justice to reverse the verdict of the court do not care about the truth, only that the court need to comply with the "truth."

Injustice of logic: local officials to consider the black yarn, not the truth ["Taught by the same food," Rexia rumors for the injustice laid scourge] Ge Pythagorean (clamor called "cabbage") and GE products even after marriage in eleven years-wen, rental home in Adulteress rented room. During this period, Ge workshop tofu products to work with daily, often overnight store. Ge Pythagorean nothing else, always ask for advice to the lifts, a former Adulteress literacy, and sometimes Adulteress home with dinner. This situation continued until the following summer the couple moved Ge. Ge Pythagorean same good looks, Adulteress lifts origin, two of this relationship was really a little too close. Great start Adulteress Yang's wife Jane's alive, there is no inter-neighborhood gossip; useless to Tongzhi eleven years in September, Dayang Jane died giving birth, and Adulteress and Ge Pythagorean "taught by the same food," as before, rumors then gradually spread everywhere. Adulteress Pythagorean and between GE's "adultery" in the future as to stimulate the late Qing to the Republic of Pop Culture entertainment consumption, "long-term aphrodisiac." But relations between the two innocent, should be certain. First of all, not even heard about the rumors GE products, the potential to go home at night on several occasions under the eaves to monitor, not a glimpse of two further Passover move; Secondly, when the governor of Zhejiang Yamen Board of Punishments denied the existence of two "adultery "The allegations, which shows that the poor governor of Zhejiang bureaucratic power, but also failed to find conclusive evidence to prove two of" adultery. " But the clamor of rumors, but it became Adulteress Ge Pythagorean injustice fuse. GE products even died, his mother was Yushi Shen, "reminder", suspected murdered, and cross-examination Ge Pythagorean no fruit, namely Yuhang county government apply for an autopsy. In a series of do not meet the "standard" post-mortem procedure, GE products come with suspected arsenic poisoning death results. Yuhang magistrate Liu Xitong and in the neighborhood heard about the Adulteress between the Pythagorean and GE rumors, to conclude with GE products is really being poisoned, injustice on this shape. [Lazy to verify the case where the details, willing to subjective judgments to determine the "murderer"] Qing "Sheng Yu" highly stressed "by the Secretary counties, no more than the Legal Advisors, Zenitani while the Legal Advisors of the severe, Morrow lives." Qing states: the magistrate must be the victim or the victim dead body found at the scene or in person and timely post-mortem. If leaving the body changes its delay, and obstruction of the autopsy findings, the magistrate will be punished by flogging sixty. If the local magistrate going out, then the neighboring counties have the responsibility on behalf of the official autopsy, unjustified refusal on behalf of the autopsy, they will drop the official three calls. Yuhang magistrate Liu Xitong led Wuzuo Shen Xiang, Ding Shen Cai spring rush to the door when the autopsy, the body has begun swelling variation: there is blood flow within the nose and mouth, the body soft but not stiff; fingernails and toenails were dark gray. Wu Zuo Xiang Shen lack of professionalism, there will be bloody nose out written "QiQiao bleeding", the fingernails and toenails dark gray written as "blue black"; door Ding Cai Shen is also eligible to participate in spring actually autopsy and, based on "personal experience" , made of GE products with arsenic poisoning died in the conclusion. In accordance with the provisions of Qing magistrate Liu Xitong has the responsibility to personally post-mortem material in accordance with the standard "set of Xi Yuan Lu" and check if Wuzuo the autopsy report. "Xi Yuan sets record", said: "Soft body dead root Qinghei service, distributed to them into the blood, his lips turned crack, Bianshen rounds of small bubbles." Regardless, "Xi Yuan set record" is accurate, but it is clear that GE products Even the body does not comply with these characteristics. Also, before that, GE products with many relatives and neighbors who have not seen the variation of the body, as long as the minor asked to clarify whether the poisoning death with GE products. But Liu Xitong clearly further confirmation that these are not necessary, the depths of his heart, and GE is already the Adulteress Pythagorean's "adultery" and even the death of GE products, naturally linked to together. [That case there is doubt, do not seek the truth and engaged in anti-cobble together "the chain of evidence" accomplishing iron case] GE products with the "death" was determined, Liu Xitong work to be done next is to find support for this "death" of the evidence and form a complete chain of evidence. The first need is the statement of the Pythagorean Ge, Liu Xitong the case in the planning years, GE has been identified as Pichia because Jianmou husband's murderer, so he went straight to the questioning "poison come from." Ge Pythagorean no poison, drugs come from natural no answer. Liu Xitong interrogation scene to no avail, then has its back to the county government tortured, according to the past, "declared" disclosures, GE Pythagorean suffered the punishment but "red-hot milk barbed wire, tin irrigation water dragon back", which has spread the "quintessence", the cruelty is evident. Under torture, what kind of statements are hard to find. Pythagorean point of standing Ge - Liu Xitong already "confirmed" Ge died of poisoning with chemicals, he has been "confirmed" as the murderer, and the clamor and Adulteress their simmering rumors, GE must also know the Pythagorean The reason that, framed climbing Adulteress, became GE Pythagorean under torture, "natural" choice. Lifts Adulteress subsequently brought to the county government. According to the statement of Pythagoras Ge Yang fifth day of October, the Department gave her arsenic, but Adulteress there is sufficient evidence to prove their fifth day of October, because things go out, not in Yuhang city. The court began a major doubt, a serious deviation from the Liu Xitong "experienced" and "subjective." If Liu Xitong to abandon preconceived prejudices, timely re-examine the case, the injustice may be able to stop there. But the fact is: Adulteress of lifts, as so Liu Xitong quite annoyed, because, according to Qing law, he has no right to torture a lifts. Liu resort is the case reported to the prefect of Hangzhou, bureaucratic, requiring reforms to Adulteress the lifts identity. To cover up has been, Liu Xitong muffled Adulteress provide a series of witnesses, failure to file their income was prefect of the Yamen. Ever since, Adulteress lost lifts identity. Under torture, to what could have anything. Only this time the use of torture, made in Hangzhou prefect for Chen Lu. Adulteress admitted poisoning, the evidence of the integrity of the next chain ring is the source of arsenic. Yang had to climb to frame a company called love Ren Tang's pharmacy, and to identify the pharmacy owner to sell their arsenic called "money treasure life." So far the case seems to have been to the bottom. Guessed summoned to the Church's love for Ren Tang boss said: he does not call "money Po Sang," and called the money, Tan; is never sold arsenic to Adulteress. The court thus again a major doubt, if the officials were able to put aside to re-examine the case, then the injustice is still possible to clarify. But Liu Xitong but to go "Gong" Tan witness money, as long as he promised to testify Adulteress, to ensure he did not hold any responsibility for, and threatened: Adulteress have been to confess, Tan refused to identify if the money is there cover the crime. So, the money Tan's "testimony" is also a smooth hand. A perfect chain of evidence of a miscarriage of justice, this fully formed. ["Private visits" to "see the truth behind" gatekeeper function useless bureaucratic superiors] Tongzhi eleven November sixth, Hangzhou government decision: Ge Pythagorean husband because the pro-rape murder, punishable by slicing the sentence; Adulteress incite others to murder pro-husband, cut up fine decision. The decision is reported to Zhejiang provincial judge Yamen, for approval. Zhejiang provincial judge Quine He lifts Sun is born, stood on the Adulteress regardless of future good of the lifts, but as a woman and lose his own life worth somewhat suspect. But Quine HE sun in order to save, did not carefully check the case file, but only the charge of the case the whole process of the trial magistrate Liu Xitong Yuhang got asked a lot. Naturally, Liu Xitong provincial judge to give an adult, must be boldly guaranteed without grievances. Thus, the files in those doubts, for example, money, money Po Sang Tan never called, so bureaucratic slip easily passed from the provincial judge. Subsequently, the file was sent to the governor of Zhejiang Yamen. Yamen is a province governor in charge of affairs of the integrated government offices, numerous affairs, in the Criminal Prison in checking the ability and energy, naturally not as good as the provincial judge responsible for Legal Advisors bureaucratic affairs. YANG Chang an alternate governor to appoint a magistrate to make unannounced visits to the incident. This alternate magistrate, put the rituals pulled off "see the truth behind" - he's all action in Yuhang County, rely on creating a miscarriage of justice the magistrate Liu Xitong arrangements. Its conclusions, the natural can be imagined. Tongzhi years on December 20, YANG Chang Chun-governor of Zhejiang in Hangzhou, the government of the ruling of the original charges, the case reported to the court.

Logic to reverse the verdict: the court to consider the political, not truth Court received a report on the merits of the governor of Zhejiang, but also received Adulteress's sister went to Beijing to petition for redress Yang Juzhen material. Petition during the many twists and turns tough, do not skip to mention here, the results are well known: more than a year in the court sustained the pressure, dynasty December 2002 9, Board of Punishments in Beijing Temple of the sea will open an autopsy being opened, conclusion: the size of GE products with whole body exhumation showed yellow-white, not sure poison and died. [Yuanbu Yuan is a problem, not vindication vindication is another issue] Autopsy after being opened, injustice or no longer in dispute. But how the court decision, apparently has nothing to do with the truth - a large number of heavyweight opposition to injustice vindication officials, such as: GE products even though the crime of poisoning has been cleared, Board of Punishments Book Sang Chunrong relevant personnel are asked to "inquiry Adulteress , Ge Pythagorean, strengthen its self-volt adultery ", is still hoping to complete the crime of killing Adulteress and GE's. Another guarantee is that the Board of Punishments Book of soap: hand made injustice Yuhang county magistrate Liu Xitong, Po Lam is a scholar of the "village list in the same year", it must keep Liu Xitong. Were the most intense, perhaps, is the new Governor of Sichuan Ding Baozhen, he heard about the autopsy results furious, to Sichuan in the office before the Board of Punishments row, "North Korea threatened to", said: "GE products for more than three years, even death, drugs eliminate bone white, this is also insufficient given the actual situation ", that the Board of Punishments of the autopsy findings relied upon, the case should still be upheld. Board of Punishments Book Sang Chunrong and threatened: If this iron can be turned over the case, that local officials in the future no one dare. - It is worth mentioning: Ding Zengyin good at advocating for the execution of the empress's favorite eunuch An Dehai and to honest government and in the name famous. GE announced the completion of the final court's acquittal Adulteress. But the ruling did not receive court approval within the minister of state, Tso that is one, he quickly found an opportunity, in this case will never be the court dismissed the former governor of Zhejiang Service YANG Chang Chun Paul once again play the mountain, to show protest. YANG Chang-Jun then holding various positions, until the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Bingbushangshu, Prince CPIC. An obviously white injustice, why is there a lot of minister of state court against the vindication of the situation? [The court's intention: to suppress the local governors, rebuild central authority] Adulteress Beijing to petition the case to overturn the post, is the result of many factors. Hu merchant funding, providing financial backing for the petition; Adulteress lifts the identity of the imperial era to bring him a bureaucratic network of relationships - from "the same year" to help, to the joint letter from Zhejiang Beijing officials, and finally to the Emperor Weng division came forward, the case leading to the Gong Wei, the redress of grievances to the formation of context, entirely Adulteress the lifts identity; In addition, the "declaration" on the merits of continuing to do long-term follow-up reports, creating pressure of public opinion among the people, are also important factors. However, prompting the court issued a thirteen consecutive decree, remanded the case again and again, until a key driver of the autopsy being opened, not Caomin grievances of the truth, but political considerations: the court hoping to recover the death penalty jurisdiction , beat local governors, reshape the central government's authority. Punishments closed on the eve of a retrial, Censor Wang Xin submitted a memorial that best embodies the court's intentions. Wang Zhejiang officials severely criticized the memorial, "Xunqingwangfa neglect up private, right and wrong" and rebuked the governor YANG Chang-Chun "contempt laws misled his majesty, unscrupulous"; and then push and all the local leaders, worried about "the Minister if there is a tendency than friends, the court not without isolation of the future "; recommended the court punish YANG Chang-Chun and other officials, in order to reverse the situation Jiang Chen Miao method misled his majesty," to stretch Dafa in the world to hang Jiong ring in the future. Shu-chen workers know the size of the fear, the court The Ji Gang lifted. " Appreciate the court said Wang Xin of this memorial, Royal Instructions issued instructions, said: "This case like many provinces," ordered the Board of Punishments "After all thoroughly." King memorial is Bingcheng Di Weng meaning and writing teacher. As a key figure in the case of reverse Adulteress, Weng had told Christine Prince said so: "red age matter to the Queen Mother curtain, is the so-called 'widows and orphans, a situation, the weak and strong dry branches, has become unwieldy, often arisen . to the history of various symptoms, Banbankekao. princes body when the task, how can they not move Tingli Wei? " Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the local governors and expanding the death penalty jurisdiction also fall from the central to local. Since the hope that the court "Li Wei", the truth of the case is not important, important is the court required that was consistent with the "truth of the case", in other words, even if local officials did not misjudge the case, if a court intended to adhere to, and finally the truth still requires that the court can only "truth." As a result, local governors, such as General Tso their dissatisfaction, it is not hard to understand. [Gentleman's prerogative: Adulteress complete with GE's completely two worlds] People in lifts Adulteress pro-Beijing to petition the road, there has been all kinds of "elegant", among them a Adulteress students, business persons with Hu that, there are a large number of officials in the capital of Zhejiang membership. Without these people, the number of petitions Adulteress family more, they can not get the attention of Emperor division, but can not be retried as many as 13 of the decree. This is a gentleman, in the judicial system in the Empire to have the privilege. And Adulteress persistent petitioners and their relatives in contrast, is GE's complete silence throughout. After serving from torture framed until the grievances wash, Ge content with the fate of the Pythagorean injustice, and always have never sought redress. Therefore, in repeated cases of remand, the case evolved into two branches: one is the "people's due to rape women GE completed the Fuge drug product even death" case; the other is the "leather give Adulteress with rape because of unscrupulous Women's drug death of the husband "case. Ge Pythagorean real man, she did not Adulteress that lifts the identity of a network of resources to bring, so she did not petition, nor redress. Results, there really is no redress for her people stopped by, whether officials in Beijing Zhejiang membership, or adhering to the holy will of the censor, they only describe Adulteress memorial in the injustice, but has not Tige Pythagorean of the flexor. Instead, they even think that GE does have poisoned the Pythagorean Fuge product with the crime, said she was "narrow borders on evil, the ugly sound of an early." This attitude even Adulteress also, for the second time in Beijing to petition and write was the word, the Adulteress begins with that said: "The last year the beginning of October 9, a GE product Pythagorean poisoned piece of the Fuge death case, "and then falsely accused GE Pichia, Lai said she had had married Yushchenko, and with others there is adultery. GE also is not conducive to public opinion Pythagorean. "Declaration" of a report in 1876 that such a complete description of GE's: "his life away with their people to pay, according to its self, or that the private person, I can sit forty-five cloud." If there is no autopsy to prove the last being opened GE product with no toxicity, then the final outcome of the case is probably: Ge Pythagorean poisoned the husband, climbing framed lifts Adulteress. Good teachers have the summer with the Emperor on the case of the Empress Dowager Liang Gong said: "The case study that, if not the truth, no one will read Zhejiang motivated." This is against the "gentry" is concerned, of course, means: within the empire, Even Beijing to petition, a gentleman who has become a "privilege."