1868 Annual Event: Nien aspect Huaihe River eighteen year-end was put out

In 1868, two things have been cleared Tingda Jun Nian exterminated. Thus, the rise of eighteen years, up to ten million military, vertical and horizontal Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu Province, more than the "Nian" becomes history. In the traditional historical narrative, the Nien supplement or be used as the Taiping gasp. But in fact the two are not the same thing: the kingdom of heaven departure from tradition, the history of China's metamorphosis; and Nien is the tradition itself exactly, is the norm in Chinese history. Unfortunately, when the Boxer surging in the north, when the Revolution in Wuchang City, the first triumph, has not many people remember that in 1868, the Nien quiet down, and their close blood relationship between that: the dead, is their common biological parents.

[Facts] twist party with Nien: a collection of insecure farmers Aspect Huaihe River, had been killed in the late Qing cavalry leader, "The Last Knight" Senggelinqin the Nien, by the party turned into a twist. Future generations the history books used to "twist party" labeled "anti-secret organization" of a class label, but the revolutionary history of the "objective need" work. The so-called "twist" was meant to rope, paper and the like rub with your fingers turn into one, therefore in the northern Anhui dialect, the "twist" is the "aggregation groups" means. The so-called "twist party", "Nian", but "a group of people", "a group of soldiers" means, not what specific meaning of "revolution breath." Party on the origin of twist, a secret society of historians to focus on its heritage of pedigree - its predecessor, what help, what would be like, say confusion, the simple question was very complicated. In fact, the twist party has produced, and eventually evolved into Nien, but the bottom of people in the government can not provide them with basic life-support in the context of last resort and a spontaneous form of self-protection "Wild." The so-called "what its predecessor is what will help," but in order to form the "Wild World", a reference to the already mature, "shadows" of the operation of the system, nothing more. Zhang Yue Nien leaders may wish to conduct cases. Zhang Le said the line came from "landlord gentry" of the home, the family has five acres of land, also held a food line, grocery store, worse Square, shochu workshops, treasure Bureau. But this generation Zhang Rover, his family had run-down, helpless and began to start "selling contraband salt" of the sale. Zhang's main responsibilities, both involved in the trafficking Salt, Salt fellow team is also responsible to provide security, then you have a "benevolent bachelor" nickname. Zhang has been the history books in 1852 a collection of party music line twist thousand people, led attack Yongcheng county as a "twist party anti-uprising" a landmark event. But the fact is, Zhang Rover simply do not play the "anti" banner; but can not be regarded as an "uprising", as Zhang has been playing under the banner of "conservative set of Pheasant River", Pheasant River set, the line is Zhang Yue home. Taiping Zhang Qing and the chaos in the flames reaching the sky, pull up a Nien, strive to maintain a calm Pheasant River set in imperial eyes of local officials and local gentry, he is actually an essential "good." The spring of 1854, the court sent a "special envoy destroy twist" Pheasant River Yuan passed a set of three, they received the local gentry to the people "joint civil servant and" Zhang Rover petition. Zhang Rover is in place for the peace of the local government to perform security duties. However, this official Zhang obviously charismatic civic leaders have full alert, the Viceroy Zhou Tianjue still obsessed with death on the eve of writing secret letters to Mengcheng magistrate, looking for the opportunity to assassinate him off "good" Zhang Rover. Zhang Le was no intention on the anti, but gathered around the twist in the party, but mostly to protect those who have no livelihood, which is twisted into a party last Nien, and Taiping surrendered a major factor. Insecure people can not help but make a drastic move, twist the popular party in the "mill bend" and "take along to play", that is such. The so-called "grinding bend" is another village near the well-off people to go "for grain"; to the latter, because of the war and floods, the Huai River Sham further deterioration of their living environment, "Twist Party" over and over, and the brightest twist public to change in the local "ground bent" approach, turned to Shandong, Henan and other distant place "to play take along": robbed the pawn shop, the money shop, distillery, oil mill, etc., take away food well-off property. Every "hit take along" back, received in addition to "two-step single horse, according to copies of sharing" (ie, with the horse "cavalry" split into two, not with the horse, "infantry" points a), but also to stay the part given to widows and the needy person. Even with the prototype of the army, but in the final analysis, the so-called "Nian" is still but a lack of basic social protection of people survive the spontaneous formation of a "Wild World" group. And "temple", like "Wild World" also will give some legitimacy for their actions cast the ideological color - although this "legitimacy described" very immature in terms of logic. "Twist party" made up a story for their "eat big" as justification: Confucius then trapped in the Chen, between Cai had run out of food, almost starved to death, to send his disciples after the whereabouts of Fandan for grain. Fandan the poor, hungry themselves, so how surplus it? But he was only a little food around the house generously lent Confucius. However, Confucius was a high official to do, actually denied the Fandan borrowed grain. "Twist party" who claimed to be descendants of Fandan right to Confucius 'Orthodoxy' successor - the gentry who beg for big old debts.

[Reflection] is obscured by another modern China The Qing court in 1868 that completely destroy the twist party, but twisting the party never had never really been eliminated. 1869, Tseng Kuo-fan and other places under the jurisdiction of Zhili also appeared on the Nien; twist Henan in 1871; 1872, 1876, 1898, Anhui has twist; 1900 Henan twist ... ... Because the social background of manufacturing twist party has not improved. People who do not have a life-support, still had to resort to all kinds of people, "rivers and lakes." What is "Wild World"? "Wild" is not a "temple" of the opposite, it is the "temple" the lack of land; is the "temple" of light can not shine, shine, or disdain in the dark, dank part; is a "temple" spontaneous correction. "Wild" is a wide range of private self-protection mechanism. This self-protection mechanism, is often manifested in the "temple" of the rebellion. As the twist for their own party are "big grab" behavior by the defense - Confucius debt does not have - and the "temple" contrary to respect for Confucius. But this rebellion is also limited, as the party twist ties are the most important relationship is still traditional "clan blood", they have been accused of the Qing court as "cases of Thieves" - "Wild World" where members of the quality of the insufficient create a new social order. - Had been organized several times after the founding of the twist party investigation concluded that: "The members include Zhang Yue Nien, including the line, basically there is no cultural knowledge of the farmers in the" Guoyang County ", although the record Mengcheng-year-old Gong Lishi with tweezers, Zheng Jinghua and Nien a relationship, we investigated a total of more than 40 twist the flag first, which is certainly some cultural knowledge, only Zhang Zongyu one person in the intellectuals around them found only four, but also rural intellectuals. "(Chang Shan" Nien History ") A large number of illiterate peasants, and a limited number of Little signature afterwards were local intellectuals, did not re-social order. So, as long stretches of eighteen years Nien, and stretches nearly a century twist party has a "fill his belly," as the highest goal. Therefore, in the weight of Chinese history textbooks, but also light if the feather. This is our history of this era of major defects. We are concerned about those "great historical turning point," concern "to open up a new era," concern "the struggle entered a new stage" ... so many. But we had little concern about the history of those eternal proposition: people need to fill his belly, our social security system is always missing. Therefore, the modern history textbooks used to provide such a clue: the Westernization Movement → Reform Movement of Self-Qing constitutional reform → Revolution → ... ... → There are procedural statements: "Generation after generation of people with lofty ideals to shed blood ..." Another more realistic modern China, in this grand description, intentionally or unintentionally, have been obscured and relieved - Procedural statement is: "Generation after generation of the working class, was abandoned temples, had to get a little bit of life-support system and put themselves into the 'arena' in which the rolling tide ..." The "Wild World", including a twist party, including a twist party before Heaven and Earth, White Lotus; also includes a twist party after Gelaohui, Boxer, freemason, Paoge, Green Gang, White Gun Club, Red Spears ... ... even I-Kuan Tao. All these "Wild" gang, history has already left them a wide range of fixed assessment. Heaven and Earth Society and the White Lotus was labeled "Fuming" label; old brother who will and who both Hsinhai Paoge the glory, but also smuggling opium trafficking misdeeds; Boxer with a blind ignorance to promote a xenophobic movement in the West shock as the "Yellow Peril"; Hongmen been demanding their "big brother" Sun Yat-sen to give yourself a legitimate political party; base in the white and the red gun in the gun between the two parties and the Japanese struggled to walk a fine line, always Road was classified as "reactionary secret societies organization." However, the historical neglect of these: The real world will be the initial aim is "mutual support, mutual Zhou Ji," its members and leaders of character for the town's land and water channels and the lower working people, everyday, vagrants, and farmers, these people "anti-Fuming," the political demands are not interested. Statistics ,1796-1850 years, 54 years, the world will involve a total of 96 events, including for "failing to help someone, avoid humiliation", 26, the result of poverty and "money-making points with" those 15 cases, for the robbery well-off and "get money and split," who 39; Gonglue urban "vertical flag rebellion" were only 11 cases. After all, protection of displaced persons are still no "to fill his stomach" problem. In the call for "eliminating foreign" slogan before, Boxer, and its strange that the "predecessor", for example, Plum Flower, Sword Society, etc., has been active in the North China Plain for nearly half a century, the local gentry and small land owners to organize them The purpose of them is the case of dereliction of duty in the government, against bandits and protect the village and family. Road expansion has always been the same edge from the "temple" of social security in the north of the absence of many years - since the war has become occupied areas in North China, the previous Japanese puppet regime have no intention of people's livelihood, and diligently that arms supplies to the Japanese loot primary industry; followed the civil war, repeat the ravages of war in North China, which has always been on the road took the opportunity to grow. To the new regime was established in 1949, the then mayor of Beijing, Peng Zhen's words, has always said Beijing has become the "largest party." The end of 1950, Beijing Haidian area has always said only 20,000 - 1950 only 14.3 million people in the region. Another city of Tianjin in North China, the eve of the liberation of more than 20 million people only proper way. Some rural areas, has always said only the proportion of the population is even more alarming, Hebei Longhua liberation has always said only 5.3 million people, about a quarter of the total population of the county was about. Day County, Shanxi Province in 1950, the town proper way only 33,000, accounting for nearly a quarter of the county's population at that time. Ethics Xuanhua County, Hebei Province, only 36,000 people, was about one-fifth of the total population of the county, and more for adult males. Early 1951 Suiyuan Province incomplete statistics, the province has always said staff estimated at 30 million or more, about 11% of the province's population. More serious problems of individual regions, such as Kuan Tao Xing and the county joined the county accounted for 14% of the population strong. I-Kuan Tao is not only in number, and penetrate into the new regime, serious political and grassroots organizations. Shanxi Province, 74 percent of behalf of the county party members to participate in the rural branches have always said, the county less than three thousand party members, 18% of the participants of the I-Kuan Tao. Heaven and Earth will be the last to "Fuming"; Boxer finally to "blind xenophobia"; always said last fall as a "reactionary secret societies organizations", are "shadows" in the future be transformed - or non-political forces, or temples force - - the results. Especially the latter two, has brought no small disaster and lessons learned. However, in its original, they are the product of the defects of society, is "temple" of the inverse. Temple, the "Wild", it has another modern China.