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| Completely accurate: the three generations of the Chinese government as Western democracy |
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[No door to go abroad, is "popular indignation."]
Although diplomatic envoy appointed as early as August 1875, already issued, but completely accurate in determining waiting for the day of departure, the ambassador to the United Kingdom has no intention of growing. Appointed at the beginning, there is public opinion irony of this trip is no different from disgrace; March 1876, he witnessed the British Minister Yamen Wade arrogance of the arrogant, Ju Dou Wei-Wei, Department of gentlemen to listen to training, and deep sense of shortness of breath.
Previously, Kuo has been repeatedly in public and non-government and public occasions scholar who had accused the ignorance, blindly hate foreigners, but the embrace of the imperial state's modesty, life and death do not want foreigners to understand the reason that the situation has become : Behind the curse foreigners, foreigners accused person is. These remarks spurred many fragile nerves, naturally attracted the endless slander. |
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Witnessed the downturn, literati CD meeting misuse know angrily ran cross country, Guo himself bad mood, melancholy, want to retire through illness. But Wenxiang so clearly Yamen ministers, in addition to other than completely accurate, I fear, could not find the person willing to mission, so the firm does not permit his resignation, only approved sick leave. Allowed to resign and the resignation of the tug of war, has been continued from March to July.
Later works of certain periods of modern history, will be completely accurate all the mentality of the British ambassador described as "turning back", the mind is naturally good for the mold to open one of the most perfect image of seeing the world's pioneer; but hesitate to go against the historical facts, are not prove that the book should have a history of the practice. Guo's retained this hesitation, there are no harm - brother Guo Kun Tao was in a letter that his brother went on a decline going abroad to understand the state of mind:
"My brother's resolved to beg back, no real way for foreign affairs, but no with the speaker, they are not difficult to avoid the envoy."
To September, the Empress decided summoned completely accurate, for comfort. Empress of Guo said: "At this point and must not resign, the state difficult, shall be any of Yili, I had Zhirupingxi public body of state loyalty, this (mission) actually have no office, must be a national of any of this Ru hard. ... ... others, said Yu gossip, you do not control him, they just nonsense outsider, in total disregard of common sense, others do not care free, said horizontal straight emperor always know your thoughts. "completely accurate meaning of the resignation, bringing it to scrap.
Starting on the eve of October 31, the Queen Mother once again summoned completely accurate, tried to comfort him: "Yu mind since the court can understand, can not listen to outsiders light words, they do not know what the original." Completely accurate in front of the Queen Mother could not help but swore mainstream literati , said they "do not know is a small matter, but it is stubbornly insolent, such as home minister this is not a small frightened!"
- August and September that year, to participate in the provincial examinations in Changsha, Hunan scholar heard about the "well-known scholar" completely accurate about to go to Western, as in the British minister, Ju Dou furious, imperial system, has always been four barbarians set on my Imperial resident envoy, anything heavenly sent envoys resident barbarians are the truth; not to mention completely accurate this line, also bears on the "Smadja in the incident" an apology to the British mission, and more to stimulate these "patriotic scholar" who organize parties , pain slander completely accurate, and results teams to Changsha Yuquan Hill, threatened to completely destroy the residential Kuo, Kuok is not this a little frightened. No door to go abroad, Kuo had fallen into "popular indignation," the point.
During the ship in Shanghai, Hou, Governor Jiang Shen Pao-chen Guo Songtao to the two letters one can get a glimpse of the nearly sixty years old heart of the ups and downs:
"Young Dan (Dan Shen Pao-chen word child) Book of the same year, adults are based on your old and sick ... ... Song Tao's body, running seven miles from the capital under the scholar-officials and village elders, slander of the pain phase, but no longer the number ... ... and even this pole, how to teach the public will? "
Although not because of this mission was to look at the home crowd as people ("even more complex with the number"), Guo has turned to concern: "Mocha world people, without fear of foreign patients have been reported" - their own face of this, people can glimpse the world, the whole nation angrily without reason, how can the risk of foreign interest!
[A diary, "I do not know what motive"]
January 1877, completely accurate Travancore cruise ride to London; April, officially took office in the British Minister. But officials in July that the impeachment was domestic, and later played continuously by Fushi Liuxi Hong secret "report." Less than two years, completely accurate that is forced to rush home.
The reason, Liang year in the "Introduction to the evolution of China five decades," which has made it very clear:
'Dynasty years, there was the British ambassador to the Minister completely accurate, do one travels. Inside for some, probably said: the barbarians and the past is now different, they also have two years of civilization. Oh! Be extraordinary. Pass book to Beijing, the lower-ranking scholar-officials of the public outrage are excited, and everyone is reprimanded, ... referred to the throne to ruin board, considered bin. "
So-called "Travels", real name is called "the Western discipline process" is completely accurate boat from Shanghai to London 50 days of diary, but two thousand words, sorted out by himself after the copy sent to print and publish Yamen rigid. Result, this small book has caused great indignation of their lower-ranking scholar-officials. Such well-known scholar Li Chi Ming recorded storm:
"" The West, Ji Cheng, "hang in mind can see, the very meaning Exaggeration, Tailv claims that testimonies of work, and to virtue, prosperity Ai, Huan returnees heart. ... ... Made this book out, and bureaucratic trade whom published, where flesh who are all gear. So Hubei He Jinshou editing for the day to say the official, a strict impeach the sparse, Youzhao destroyed board, and the flow distribution has been widely carry on. Song Tao of the remark, honesty I do not know what the lung liver, and how those whom engraved heart! "
Completely accurate to the West after originally planned, compiled a monthly journal published to the Yamen, as discussed with the affairs of foreigners. Guessed Consequently, "the West Ji Cheng" committed the outrage, the monthly journal of the plan had to write this on hold.
[Admit foreigners "people", so they have become "traitors"]
"The Western discipline process," Lane said what?
Guangxu two days in April for three years (old calendar), after visiting the London Post Office, Guo wrote in his diary:
"British administration, in order to convenience, but because people take more than the economy of the country to use. ... As far as tens of thousands of years, nearly to live together in one city, but the sticky vote on it the letter, the letter is delivered Bureau, the number of every one thousand years into the million pounds. ... ... This is also designed for convenience, and the fact that a state of benefits so. This rich and strong on the Western is also the reason why. "
Prosperity of Western countries, based on their "convenience" basis - completely accurate attaches great importance to this discovery on their own, thus, the learning interest in Western economic theory, many times to London of the British, and Japanese scholars and officials ask.
February 27 Guangxu three years (old calendar), completely accurate and the Lord of the British friends to discuss the British tax, that the British official monthly salary of 300 pounds or more, it must be the same after tax, sighed and said:
"The sincerity of good law, then non-democratic countries, the situation has not. Western countries so long enjoyed the king and the people it is also the main national policy."
Kuo of this' jun and the primary national policy "very interested in the democratic form of government, and later, he visited the UK and interest to the operation of the House of Commons, Members of the United Kingdom to attend a" logistic Bingbushangshu Hal, "all the rebuttal criticism; and then also visited the British two-party system is useless until this year, December 19, Minister to Germany with Lee as the future of British political culture when Danya, Guo has been tantamount to a "British Link" - the
Li Q: moving in the UK, the opposition parties normally live in harmony, then encountered affairs disagree, do not want each other, finally voted to many people is the winner, the losers accept the outcome calmly, to make things difficult for those not satisfied with anger, "I do not know how to then?"
Kuo this answer:
"Western Germany, Jun, depending on three generations of Chinese to make the main, there can be no end for those who, namely Iraq, weeks with industry, has not heard Yan, while the subjects of national policy a public, private Qijun do not think its choice official Zhi Shi, some classes, qualifications, and are used by elite will be a giant with a total of people. the court applied the love and hate nothing, there is not a cheerful subjects, that is not security of its position. from the beginning based government hospital, the two points with different party, so that the exhaust-chi meaning, deducing identified barge to be wrong; and Bing Zheng Zheyi in the meantime after another to win. ... ... the government to court another male subjects, on the very bluntly, nothing taboo, a letter to common people , and reciprocate all its customs of into, brewing has been numbered solid! "
"Three generations of the rule" is a traditional Chinese political philosophy of the ultimate ideal, Guo Songtao said "barbarians" regime of good non-"three generations" can and, obviously stung by this praise the fragile domestic scholar who pride, can not but arouse their anger.
Moreover, Guo still continues:
"Ethics of three generations of saints, and also non-Western can. That I pilgrimage ancestors Ren Sheng, seeking the Western one thousand eight hundred and seventy eight years, there is no end for those who can. Saints to any one of the world labor, and Western Shu-chen to the public. life of holiness, can not often have, Wen, Wu, Cheng, Kang, four St. each other, less than a hundred years, and Chen Shu of the infinite, strong, longer and more human Sheng. "- which If the meaning of section actually said: We have saints, not the West; but we rely on the rule of saints, from generation to generation often can not be saints; the West by the public autonomy, but can be derived infinite.
"The vast seas, with knowledge of the people, the heart of this science, so those on the lease-day heart, anything different zai? And rustic corner of said East China, more than all the barbarians also, Wusuo Fugan know carry on." - These words mean, obviously is a challenge to the traditional literati's "concept of barbarians." Until the dynasty years, "national" scholar Wang Kaiyun also the "Chien's House Diary," in this criticism completely accurate:
"Human beings are superior to those of its clever disadvantages one hundred, one of China in order to rule a mess. Biyi Di everyone to things, then the fraud through the popular pseudo-Hing carry on. Envoys (referring to Guo) to see for oneself and flatter the surface, special non-fact. "
Wang Kaiyun refused to recognize the West is "people", but insisted that they merely "objects", but through some popularity, then becomes nothing more treacherous hypocrisy.
Guo Songtao know Wang Kaiyun view large market, dynasty years, when he had lamented:
"Three generations ago, China has the enlightenment ear alone, and therefore," to dress, "and" shortage of clothes "in the name of an all in China and much of the name" barbarians. "From the Han, China has increased slightly off enlightenment, and political and religious customs European countries are good at their sole win its as China, but also still the time of three generations as the barbarians also Sheng, Chinese scholar-officials who know this yet its people and injuring indeed! "
Kuo far in the UK, but should imagine to be, the remarks he has enough to ignite an entire nation across the ocean of knowledge class anger - Fushi Liuxi Hong counterparts, ie inside the embassy completely draw high-profile announcement with Guo boundaries:
"This capital refers to the same purpose as the traitor of the people, I will not allow."
[Critical reforms, and eventually became Public Enemy]
"Traitor" completely accurate, but enough, eventually the blade of his criticism of command to the "light of the rule with the" fundamental powerhouse - the late Qing self-reform.
Li in a correspondence sent from London, the completely accurate for self-movement leaders in order to copy a complete denial "gunboats" self-strengthening movement as the core of the late Qing:
"... Watches, toys, home we all share, woolen and cloth of the genus, throughout the backcountry. ... ... A smell railroads, telegraph, bitter, rallied together to stop hard. ... ... For three decades of foreign affairs, Jiang Li know nothing."
At the same time, Guo's attack on the domestic literati also reached fevered pitch, the Imperial Academy Shi Jiang Zhang Peilun at that time be regarded as a liberal who is also completely accurate impeachment memorial, said:
"" Ji Cheng "work, absurdity afforded to AIDS and more. Ban on the court regardless of his book and with its people, formerly expediency. ... Today people refer to" the Western discipline process, "neither those who do not think that rebellious, but still seems to Guo Songtao Chijie on the outside, ... fooling unexpected machine right, that was completely accurate will be kept Dayong, the people's suffering there is no way to keep straight who fear, Sofitel loss state system only. "- means that: The court cut out completely accurate book, he also continued the appointment, I am afraid not to rough "public opinion" a son.
Court's "confessed" So came into being. Wei has made "cross-straight Emperor's total know your mind," the Empress Dowager Cixi, this time the edict was increased aid:
"This should immediately be withdrawn and strict punishment of the line to show Jiong ring. Gunian completely accurate in Britain since the negotiations for the event, still capable of properly the end ... ... if still pregnant Siyuan dare, presume had not repent, then the law of the land in, Excuses are not repeatedly invited! " |
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| Liu Xihong: foreigners is strong because of the margins of our study |
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[With the West, the conclusion diametrically opposed]
Together with the ambassador Fu Shi Guo Song-tao Liu Xihong, later became China's first ambassador Bolin Gong so. The Panyu in Guangdong Xianfeng Tongzhi done only in the Board of Punishments Yuan Wailang a class of small government, no opposition is so prominent moving Kuo reputation. It can become members of the mission, resulting from the personal self-nominations and recommend Kuo.
But after going abroad, soon began to regret their Kuo recommend the Liuxi Hong, wrote in his diary: "Minister Li countries involved, while seeking its beneficial test, unlike tens of thousands of Liu imperial line itself, the knowledge to make broad, a meaning backhand off his door. "Guo Songtao that Liuxi Hong various manners, motivation is:" The heart will not get a glimpse of Western China purports to benefit. " |
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And Guo Songtao similar Liuxi Hong ambassador also wrote a book during the "British light carriage private mind", a detailed record of him in the eyes of the Western world, and his "Western civilization" of the understanding and interpretation.
As a result, future generations of modern Chinese history, left the scene of the most meaningful comedy: Guo Song-tao and Liu Xihong, the same background, and traveled the same journey, but in the end, they get out of the conclusions are completely poles apart - completely accurate recognition of Western democracies three generations of the Chinese government is far better than the ancient, Liuxi Hong said: "know the benevolence of the UK today, to attain prosperity, might come not from the old into China due to hear the holy church."
What kind of logic needed to produce the "rich and powerful is because the UK to learn from China" so absurd conclusion?
[Absurd logic that Western civilization is China's "holy church," which bear fruit]
Liu Xihong not view this as a fantastic place.
Magnificent Buckingham Palace, the city streets clean and tidy, polite people in London, and the maneuvering of the train, bizarre chemistry experiment ... ... All of these, an entirely fresh and unfamiliar advanced civilization, was placed in the origin of the traditional literati Liu Xihong in front of his cognitive system to the impact can be imagined. The choice before him, no more than two, or admit that Western civilization is advanced civilization, so we must abandon the traditional "Yi Xia concept", to give up heavenly in the "civilized level," insisted the hundreds of thousands of self-esteem and pride; or is to find some kind of logic that Western civilization will be incorporated into the traditional Chinese "Yi Xia" civilized system in the past, re-affirmed the "saints of the universal religion."
Liu Xihong naturally chose the second way. His own with a unique "logical" to Western civilization, he saw, all traditional Chinese Kong Meng Shengxian interpreted as the product of the road, then the resulting "success" to defend the "Chinese civilization" of the center.
Liu specific "logic" is this:
First, he admitted himself to see the British political customs have praiseworthy. In his "British light carriage private mind" describes the road: the British political customs, in addition to his son's pro, treat men and women do not pay attention, the rest are equal level with China is no different; and there is no free government, no homeless, no cruel inhumane policy , to London for two months, go out many times, no human speech, noise, and no look of sorrow to see the lonely person.
However, Liu Bifeng suddenly a turn, said: Today the Western customs, "the U.S. move to rescue poor", which is China's holy people respected the "benevolence" of a performance; Westerners also emphasis on "sense of justice and trustworthiness." This fact is the Chinese people respected the holy, "meaning" of a performance. Furthermore, Liu of foreigners eager to put forward their own: if they can understand these sages they continue to flourish, then they can at the level of civilization into the higher realm, and create a neat grace harmonious society.
So, Liu Xihong put all the achievements of Western civilization, are incorporated into the hole Meng Shengxian name of religion. Then, he "explains" the Westerners to understand why the sages of China, said: "I before the Qing Emperor Qianlong, ya shortage efficiency along, oceans of Mu ... ... now know the benevolence of the British to attain prosperity, might come not from the long into China, due to hear the holy church. "
Ever since, Liu Xihong digestion not only lost their understanding of Western civilization to the impact of the structure, but also to regain the confidence of Chinese traditional culture - the more powerful Western civilization, the more able to "prove" China "holy church." radiation universally powerful. Finally, this "logic" strange to such a degree: the more advanced Western civilization, the more they can prove that "the holy church," the glorious and correct, the more I can prove that accommodating the Chinese "summer of change with the barbarians," the ability of powerful, more accommodating, I can prove that China is doing the "world" center of civilization.
[West only learn "the holy church," superficial, their need to learn Chinese, but without reform]
Liu is another problem to be solved: since Western secular government is good, but also China's "holy church," the product, then the study of Western civilization, China Can it?
Liu's answer is no. Although he repeatedly referred to "the policy of Western China ... and I said caused more than a rule coincide," but in his view, Westerners of the "holy church," to understand just scratched the surface, with my vast Chinese for " holy church, "the deep understanding of the quite different -" provision of China since the days of open land has been over the years up to a hundred during which dozens of Story ... ... the following words from the depth of management, there are too many times by ocean. oceanic to rich for the rich, not greedy for the rich in China; ocean to strong for the strong, strong as a strong China to bad he's thinking ... ... useless by useless useless Dayong also husband! "
Since the prosperity of the West is "the holy church," the credit, and foreigners have learned only "holy church," superficial, not worth learning, then, how to save the country the potential erosion and deserting it? Liu Xihong opinion is: It is now in foreign affairs bureaucrats emphasis towards the "Western", but a low-level "hundreds of hands art of learning ', the fundamental rule is to" correct people learning disabilities "- if removing the background of speech, Liu If this still seems unreasonable today: "How can decree do not speak, people's livelihood is not shirts, but the boat and the machine gun is dependable, then evil enough to rule the world?"
Guo Songtao also criticized the foreign affairs bureaucracy only pay attention to "machine gun ship", but Guo is critical standpoint: there are many more Western democracy worthy of a place to learn, this is the road to self-improvement. The Liuxi Hong criticism only pay attention to foreign affairs bureaucracy, "the machine gun ship," but this is in order to affirm their own political position: "our ancestors the old law Jie profound meaning to the old ... ... learned of the free, all the best but also the old, that this can be re-treated. "- just remove the existing politics of the law there are no ancestors, the ancestors of the law in the restoration of abandoned, and the world to promote peace and order, if they make a fresh start to engage in what the depth of reform, then" disturb the very, bring disaster on Sri Lanka students "will to chaos.
She is also, for example: "I Qianlong of the world, not a train, but the government granary overflow charge, Freeman objects Fu, lashing straight and five Indian, Western and is also effective tribute to concede defeat." Therefore, China does not need reform, only return to the "ancestral" system; do not need to learn from the West, only need to seriously study "the holy church."
Because: "the holy church," one size fits all. |
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